Ku Toledo Kuli Zikhalidwe Zochititsa Chidwi Zakale

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU SPAIN

CHAPAKATIKATI pa chilumba cha Iberia, pali dera lokwera lomwe m’mphepete mwake munadutsa mtsinje wotchedwa Tagus. Chifukwa cha madzi a mumtsinjewu, m’mbali mwake muli maphedi aatali a miyala, omwe amathandiza kuti mtsinjewu usakokolole kwambiri nthaka ya derali. Padera lotetezeka bwinoli, panamangidwa mzinda wa Toledo. Ndipotu panopa anthu akangomva kuti Toledo, amaganiza za dziko la Spain ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ake.

Masiku ano, timisewu tokhotakhota ta mzinda wa Toledo timakumbutsa anthu odzaona mzindawu za mmene unalili kalelo, zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500. Zipata, nyumba zikuluzikulu, ndiponso milatho ya mumzindawu imaonekabe mwachikalekale, ndipo imakumbutsa anthu za nthawi imene mzinda wa Toledo unali m’gulu la mizinda yofunika kwambiri ku Ulaya.

Komabe mzinda wa Toledo n’ngosiyana kwambiri ndi mizinda ina ya ku Ulaya. Ngakhale siteshoni yake ya sitima imaoneka ngati siteshoni za kumayiko a amwenye. Mukafika mumzindawu mumachita kuoneratu kuti anaumanga motengera luso la mibadwo yosiyanasiyana ya anthu amene ankakhala kuno m’mbuyomo. Zaka 700 zapitazo, chitukuko chitafika pachimake, mumzindawu munali anthu a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

 Zipembedzo ndi Zikhalidwe Zosiyanasiyana

Aroma asanafike ku Spain, Aseti ndi anthu ena a ku Iberia anali atamanga kale tauni m’derali. Mzindawu Aroma anaupatsa dzina lakuti Toletum (kutanthauza kuti “wokwezeka”) ndipo anauika m’gulu la malikulu a zigawo zomwe ankalamulira. Wolemba mbiri wina wachiroma, dzina lake Livy, anati mzinda wa Toledo ndi “mzinda waung’ono, koma wokhala pamalo otetezeka.” Ufumu wa Aroma utagonjetsedwa, Ajeremani analanda dziko la Spain n’kusankha mzinda wa Toledo kuti ukhale likulu lawo. M’zaka za m’ma 500, pamene  Mfumu Reccared inakana zimene Arius ankaphunzitsa, inali mumzindawu. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti Chikatolika chikhazikike m’dziko la Spain, moti bishopu wamkulu kwambiri ankakhala kumeneko.

Koma zinthu zinasintha pamene mzindawu unakhala mbali ya mayiko achisilamu, m’zaka za m’ma 700 mpaka m’ma 1000. Timisewu ta mumzindawu tinakonzedwa panthawiyi. Asilamuwo ankalolanso anthu azipembezo zina kukhala mumzindawo monga Akhristu ndi Ayuda. Potsiriza pake mu 1085, Mfumu Alfonso wa chi 6 (yemwe inali yachikatolika) inalanda mzindawu. Ngakhale kuti ulamuliro unasintha, anthuwa anapitiriza kukhalira limodzi kwa zaka mazanamazana.

Zambiri mwa zomangamanga zochititsa chidwi zedi ku Toledo zinamangidwa m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500. Mafumu omwe anali Akatolika anasandutsa mzindawu likulu lawo. Ayuda omwe anali nzika za mumzindawo ankachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaluso ndiponso zamalonda. Nawonso amisiri achisilamu anathandiza kwambiri polemba mapulani a zomangamanga mumzindawu. Akatswiri a maphunziro achikatolika, achiyuda ndiponso achisilamu ankagwirira ntchito limodzi ku Sukulu ya Omasulira ya ku Toledo. Cha m’ma 1100 ndi m’ma 1200, anamasulira mabuku ambiri mu Chilatini ndi Chisipanishi. Komanso chifukwa cha omasulira amenewa, mabuku ofotokoza nzeru zambiri za Aluya anamasuliridwa m’zinenero za azungu.

Koma zipembedzozi zinasiya kugwirizana m’ma 1300, ndipo panthawiyi Ayuda ambirimbiri anaphedwa chifukwa cha chipembedzo chawo. Panthawi imene Columbus ankatulukira America n’kuti Akatolika atakhazikitsa khoti lomwe linkakakamiza Ayuda ndi Asilamu kuti atembenukire ku Chikatolika apo ayi atuluke m’dzikolo.

Zomangamanga Zakale

Masiku ano, pakati pa mzinda wa Toledo, pali zomangamanga zakale zopitirira 100. Chuma chakalechi chinachititsa kuti bungwe lina la United Nations (UNESCO) liike mzindawu m’gulu la malo ofunika kwambiri padziko lonse. Pazomangamanga zonse zakale, milatho iwiri ya pamtsinje wa Tagus ndiyo imachititsa chidwi kwambiri. Mlatho woyambawo uli chakum’mawa ndipo winawo uli chakumadzulo. Ndipotu palibe mlendo aliyense wobwera kuno amene angalephere kuona chipata chachikulu mochititsa kaso chotchedwa Puerta Nuevade Bisagra. Ichi ndicho chipata cholowera mumzinda woyambirirawo, womwe uli wozunguliridwa ndi linga.

Mumzinda wa Toledo muli nyumba zitalizitali ziwiri zakale zomwe zimaonekera patali. Yoyambayo ili chakum’mawa ndipo imatchedwa Alcázar. Kwa zaka zambiri m’nyumbayi munkakhala mafumu achijeremani, achisipanishi, abwanamkubwa achiroma ndiponso asilikali achiluya. Panopo amasungiramo mabuku ndiponso zinthu zakale zochititsa chidwi za asilikali. Koma popeza kuti mzinda wa Toledo n’ngodziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhani yachipembedzo, chinthu choonekera kwambiri pakati pamzindawu ndi tchalitchi chakale chachikatolika.—Onani bokosi lomwe lili pa tsamba 17.

Tchalitchichi ndiponso matchalitchi ena a ku Toledo ali ndi zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi katswiri wina amene ankakhala kumeneku. Katswiriyu dzina lake linali El Greco, kutanthauza kuti “Mgiriki.” Dzina lake lenileni linali Doménikos Theotokópoulos. Panopo, m’dera limene ankakhala, lomwe kunali Ayuda okhaokha, muli nyumba yoonetsako zinthu zakale yomwe muli zinthu zambiri zimene iyeyu anajambula.

Anthu ena amati mzinda wa Toledo amauona kukongola kwambiri akakhala pamwamba pa mapiri a kum’mwera kwa mzindawu. Komabe mungathe kuona zinthu zambiri zokongola mumzindawu pongoyenda m’timisewu taketo basi. Poyamba mlendo angaganize kuti wasochera, koma posakhalitsa angachite chidwi ndi timisewu take tochititsa kaso, nyumba zake zakale zokhala ndi makonde okongola, ndiponso masitolo ogulitsirako zinthu zochititsa chidwi za m’derali.

Ngakhale kuti alendo amakomedwa kwambiri akafika mumzinda wakalewu, nthawi imafika yoti aone msana wanjira. Malo abwino kwambiri otsanzikirana ndi mzindawu ndiwo pamtsinje wa Tagus, chakum’mwera kwake. Dzuwa likamalowa, mzinda wonsewo umaoneka kuti psuu, ndipo nyumba, milatho, ndiponso misewu yake imakukumbutsani ulemerero wakale wa mzindawu.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 17]

AKATOLIKA, ASILAMU NDI AYUDA A KU TOLEDO

M’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500, mzinda wa Toledo unagawika patatu. Panali zigawo zitatu zomwe kunkakhala Akatolika, Asilamu, ndi Ayuda. Anthu onsewa anali ndi malamulo ndiponso chikhalidwe chawochawo. Kumalo ena amene anthuwa ankapempherako kalelo, panopo kumabwera alendo ambiri odzaona malo.

➤ Mzikiti wina womwe unamangidwa m’zaka za m’ma 900, womwe panopo umadziwika ndi dzina loti Cristo de la Luz, umasonyeza kuti amisiri omanga nyumba achisilamu anali aluso zedi poyala njerwa. Mzikitiwu uli m’dera lotchedwa Medina, lomwe kunkakhala Asilamu olemera kwambiri.

➤ Ku Toledo kulinso masunagoge awiri akale, ngakhale kuti panthawi inayake m’mbuyomo anawasandutsa matchalitchi achikatolika. Masunagogewa amasonyeza kuti ku Toledo kunali Ayuda ambiri zedi, moti panthawi inayake munthu mmodzi pa anthu atatu aliwonse anali Myuda. Sunagoge wakale kwambiri kumeneko amatchedwa Santa María la Blanca, ndipo mkati mwake mumaoneka ngati mwa mzikiti uli pamwambawu, chifukwa muli nsanamira zomwe pali zojambulajambula. Sunagoge wina wamkulu, dzina lake El Tránsito (ali kudzanja lamanjayu), ndipo panopo muli nyumba yoonetseramo zinthu zakale zochititsa chidwi zokhudza chikhalidwe cha Ayuda.

➤ Tchalitchi chachikatolika chachikulu kwambiri ku Spain anayamba kuchimanga m’zaka za m’ma 1200 ndipo chinatenga zaka 200 kuti achimalize.

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 18]

MALUPANGA APADERA NDIPONSO MAKEKE OTSEKEMERA

Kwa zaka zoposa 2000, akatswiri osula zitsulo a mumzindawu akhala akusula malupanga. Ndipotu munthu akangomva dzina loti Toledo, nthawi yomweyo amaganiza za zitsulo zapamwamba zedi za mumzindawu. Asilikali ankhondo otsogozedwa ndi Hannibal ndiponso asilikali achiroma ankagwiritsa ntchito malupanga amenewa amene ankasulidwa m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Tagus. Patapita zaka mazana angapo, amisiri achisilamu a ku Toledo anayamba kuzokota timaluwa tosiyanasiyana pamalupanga ndi pazovala zawo za kunkhondo. Lupanga limene lili kumanzereku ndi chitsanzo cha malupanga otere. (Onani nkhani yakuti “Patterns of Gold on Steel,” mu Galamukani! ya Chingelezi ya January 22, 2005). Masiku ano m’masitolo ambiri ogulitsirako zinthu zochititsa chidwi za mumzindawu, mumapezeka malupanga ambiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso mumapezeka zovala za kunkhondo. Anthu okonda zinthu zakale zochititsa chidwi amagula malupanga amenewa ndipotu malupangawa sagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo masiku ano koma m’mafilimu basi.

Chinthu chinanso chimene chinayamba kale ku Toledo ndicho kuphika makeke otsekemera, ndipo makeke amenewa anayamba kuwaphika kalekale panthawi imene Aluya analanda mzindawu. Mmene Asilamu ankafika kuno, dziko la Spain linali ndi minda ikuluikulu ya mitengo ya katungulume, yomwe zipatso zake amapangira makekewa. Koma kunalibe shuga yemwe n’ngofunikanso kwambiri pophika makekewa. Patatha zaka 50 Asilamu atalanda dziko la Spain, minda ya nzimbe inayamba kudzalidwa chakum’mwera kwa dzikoli. Pofika zaka za m’ma 1000, mzinda wa Toledo unayamba kudziwika chifukwa cha makeke ake, ndipo mpaka panopo anthu odziwa bwino za makeke amautayira kamtengo mzindawu. Panopo ku Toledo kumapezeka masitolo omwe amangogulitsa makeke amenewa basi, ndipo nthawi zambiri makekewa amawaumba ngati tizidole. Simunganene kuti munakafikadi ku Toledo ngati simunalaweko makeke amenewa.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Agustín Sancho

[Mapu patsamba 16]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

PORTUGAL

SPAIN

Madrid

Toledo

[Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Mlatho wa San Martin