Nthenga Zinapangidwa Modabwitsa

MBALAME zina za mtundu wa adokowe zikafuna kuuluka, zimakupiza mapiko ake mwamphamvu. Ndiye zikafika m’mwamba zimangoti tembenu, n’kumapita kumene kukulowera mphepo. Zimangotambasula mapiko ake koma osawakupiza ndipo zimaoneka ngati kuti zangoima mlengalengamo. Kodi n’chiyani chimathandiza mbalamezi kuchita zimenezi mosavutikira ndiponso mogometsa chonchi? Chimathandiza kwambiri ndi nthenga zake.

Ndi mbalame zokha zimene zili ndi nthenga. Mbalame zambiri zili ndi nthenga zosiyanasiyana. Nthenga zimene zimaonekera kwambiri ndi nthenga zikuluzikulu za kunja. Zimenezi ndi nthenga za m’mapiko ndi kuchipsyepsye, zimene zili zofunikira kuti mbalame iuluke. Mbalame ya choso kapena kuti sodo imatha kukhala ndi nthenga zosakwana 1,000 ndipo chinsansa chili ndi nthenga zoposa 25,000.

Nthenga zinapangidwa modabwitsa kwambiri. Thunthu la nthenga limatha kupindika komabe ndi lamphamvu kwambiri. Pathunthupo pamamera nthambi zolowanalowana zomwe zimakhala mbali zonse ziwiri za thunthulo. Nthambi zimenezi zimakhala ndi tinthambi tambirimbiri ting’onoting’ono timene timathandiza kuti nthambizo zilumikizane. Tinthambito tikapotanapotana mbalameyo imatitisalaza ndi mlomo wake. Mungathe kuchita zimenezi ndi zala zanu.

Nthenga zoulukira zimakhala zazikulu mbali imodzi. Mbali yakumaso imakhala yaing’ono poyerekezera ndi mbali yakumbuyo. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti nthenga iliyonse izikhala ngati phiko payokha. Komanso mukayang’anitsitsa nthenga yaikulu ya m’mapiko kapena ya kuchipsyepsye, mungathe kuona kuti m’kati mwa thunthu lake mumakhala kanthu kooneka ngati kamzere. Kanthu kameneka kamathandiza kuti thunthulo lizingopindika basi koma osathyoka.

Nthenga Zili ndi Ntchito Zambiri

Mbalame zambiri zimakhala ndi tinthenga tatitali tomera kunsi kwa nthenga zikuluzikulu zija. Zimakhalanso ndi tinthenga tina tomwe timatulutsa mfundu. Akuti mwina minyewa yochokera pamene pamera tinthenga tam’katiti imathandiza mbalame kudziwa chilichonse chimene chikuchitika pa nthenga zake zakunja zija. Minyewayi imathanso kuthandiza mbalameyo kudziwa kuti ikuuluka pa liwiro lotani. Nthenga zotulutsa mfundu sizisiya kukula ndiponso sizisosoka. Nthambi za nthengazi zimachita mfundu zomwe akuti mwina zimathandiza kuti madzi asamalowerere m’nthenga za mbalameyo.

Nthenga zimatetezanso mbalame m’njira zina. Mwachitsanzo, zimateteza mbalame kuti zisatenthedwe kapenanso kuzizidwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, abakha a m’madzi amaoneka kuti amakhala bwinobwino ngakhale kunyanja zozizira kwambiri. Kodi amatha bwanji kutero? Nthenga zikuluzikulu zija, zimayalana mwakathithi zedi, moti ngakhale madzi  sangadutse wambawamba. Ndiyeno pansi pa nthenga zimenezi panayalana tinthenga tina tofewa tomwe timapezeka pafupifupi m’thupi lonse la bakhayo. Tiubweya timeneti timathandiza kwambiri kukatentha kapena kuzizira moti palibe chofunda chilichonse chochita kupanga chomwe chingafanane nato.

Nthenga zikakhalitsa zimayamba kunyonyotsoka, motero mbalame zimasosola nthengazo kuti zatsopano zimerere. Mbalame zambiri zimasosola nthenga zawo za m’mapiko ndi kuchipsyepsye m’njira yadongosolo komanso mosamala kuti zikatero zizithabe kuuluka.

“Pagona Luso Lalikulu Zedi”

Ndege zodalirika zimakhala zokonzedwa mwaluso zedi. Nanga bwanji mbalame ndiponso nthenga zake? Popeza kuti palibe umboni wa zinthu zokumbidwa pansi wosonyeza chiyambi cha nthenga, asayansi okhulupirira kuti zamoyo sizinachite kulengedwa ndi Mulungu samvana chimodzi pankhaniyi. Magazini ina ya sayansi (Science News) inati chifukwa cha kusamvanaku, asayansi ena amachita “nkhakamila,” ndiponso “amatchulana maina achipongwe.” Katswiri wina wa sayansi amene amakhulupirira kuti zamoyo zinakhalako mwa kuchita kusanduka kuchokera ku zinthu zina anachititsa msonkhano wokambirana za mmene nthenga zinasandukira kuchoka ku zinthu zina. Katswiriyu ananena poyera kuti: “Palibe nkhani iliyonse yokhudza sayansi imene yachititsa kuti akatswiri a sayansi azitchulana maina achipongwe ndiponso kunyozana kwambiri ngati mmene nkhani yokhudza nthenga yachitira.” Ngati pali umboni woti nthenga zinachitadi kusanduka, n’chifukwa chiyani pamisonkhano ya asayansi yokambirana nkhaniyi pamakhala kusamvana ndiponso kunyozana kwambiri?

Buku lina lonena za mbalame (Manual of Ornithology—Avian Structure and Function) lolembedwa ndi yunivesite yotchedwa Yale limati: “Chatsitsa dzaye n’chakuti, panthenga pagona luso lalikulu zedi.” Nthenga sizisonyeza chizindikiro chilichonse choti zinayenera kusintha kuti zifike mmene zililimu. Bukuli limapitiriza kuti: “Nthenga yakale kwambiri yomwe ofukula za m’mabwinja apeza n’njofanana kwambiri ndi nthenga za masiku ano, moti simungathe kuisiyanitsa ndi nthenga za mbalame zamasiku ano.” * Komano asayansi okhulupirira kuti zamoyo sizinachite kulengedwa, amaphunzitsa kuti nthenga zinakhalako chifukwa choti mamba kapenanso ubweya wa pakhungu wa nyama zinazake unasanduka mwapang’onopang’ono n’kukhala nthenga. Koma bukuli limawonjezera kuti: “Zimenezi n’zosatheka chifukwa  choti zamoyozo sizinafunikire kusintha m’njira imeneyi kuti zipitirire kukhala ndi moyo.”

Kunena mosachulukitsa gaga m’diwa, zimene asayansi okhulupirira kuti zamoyo zinachita kusanduka amaphunzitsa sizingapereke umboni woti nthenga zinachita kusanduka. Izi zili chonchi chifukwa asayansi amalephera kupereka ndondomeko yotsatirika bwino ya mmene nthengazo zinkasandukira n’cholinga choti mbalamezo zipitirire kukhala ndi moyo. Ndipotu pali asayansi ambiri otere amene afika poimika manja n’kunena kuti ayi, nthenga zokha sizinachite kusanduka. Amatero pogoma ndi mmene nthengazo zimagwirira ntchito, ndiponso mmene zinapangidwira.

Kuwonjezera apo, ngati nthenga zinachitadi kusanduka mwa kusinthika pang’onopang’ono kwa nthawi yaitali, ndiye kuti anthu ofufuza za m’mabwinja akanayenera kupeza zinthu zomwe zinasanduka kuti zikhale nthengazo. Komano sanapeze chilichonse kupatulapo nthenga zenizenizo basi. Ndiyeno buku lonena za mbalame lija linati: “Nthenga n’zogometsa zedi moti akatswiri a sayansiwa zawakanika kupereka umboni wosonyeza kuti nthengazi zinachita kusanduka.”

Mbalame Siziuluka Chifukwa cha Nthenga Zokha

Asayansi amaima mitu chifukwa cha mmene nthenga zilili ndiponso mmene zimagwirira ntchito mogometsa. Komatu si nthenga zokha zimene zimachititsa kuti mbalame zizitha kuuluka chifukwa kunena mwatchutchutchu, ziwalo zonse za mbalame n’zopangidwa m’njira yoti mbalameyo izitha kuuluka. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame ili ndi mafupa opepuka okhala ndi mphako mkati, mphuno ndi mapapo amphamvu kwambiri, ndiponso minofu yapadera imene imathandiza kuti mbalameyo izitha kukupiza mapiko ake. Komatu sizokhazi. Ilinso ndi minofu ina imene imachirikiza nthenga iliyonse payokha. Kuwonjezera apo, mbalame ili ndi minyewa ya mauthenga yolumikiza mnofu uliwonse ku ubongo wake womwe ndi waung’ono kwambiri koma wogometsa zedi. Ubongo umenewutu ndi umene umachititsa kuti zinthu zonsezi zizichitika mwadongosolo labwino kwambiri m’thupi la mbalame. Ndithudi, n’zoonekeratu kuti zinthu zonsezi n’zofunika kwambiri kuti mbalame izitha kuuluka, osati nthenga zokha.

Komanso musaiwale kuti mbalame iliyonse imayambika ndi selo limodzi laling’ono kwambiri, lomwe limakhala ndi malangizo onse a mmene mbalameyo idzakulire ndiponso anzeru zake zachibadwa, zomwe zimaithandiza kuuluka. Kodi zingakhale zomvekadi kuti zonsezi zinangokhalako mwamwayi? Kapena zomveka n’zakuti, mbalame komanso nthenga zake zimapereka chizindikiro choonekeratu choti zinachita kulengedwa ndi Mlengi wanzeru kwambiri ndiponso wachilengedwe chonse? Umboni womwe ulipo ukusonyezeratu wokha yankho lolondola.—Aroma 1:20.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 24]

“UMBONI” WONAMA

Zina mwa zinthu zofukulidwa pansi zimene kale zinatchuka kuti ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti mbalame zinachita kusanduka kuchokera ku nyama zina, panopo zadziwika kuti n’zabodza. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1999 m’magazini ina (National Geographic) munali nkhani yonena za mafupa ofukulidwa pansi a nyama inayake yakale kwambiri yokhala ndi mchira komanso nthenga. Magaziniyi inati nyama imeneyi ndiyo “umboni umene unkasowa wosonyeza kuti mbalame zinachokera ku zinyama zina.” Komabe patsogolo pake zinadziwika kuti umboni umenewu unali wonama chifukwa choti winawake anaika dala pamodzi mafupa a nyama ziwiri. Ndipotu mpaka panopo ‘umboni wosowa’ uja sunapezekebe.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

O. Louis Mazzatenta/National Geographic Image Collection​

[Bokosi patsamba 25]

MMENE MBALAME IMAONERA ZINTHU

Anthu amachita chidwi ndi nthenga za mbalame, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zonyezimira ndiponso zooneka mochititsa kaso. Komatu mbalame ndizo zimachita chidwi zedi ndi nthenga za mbalame zinzawo. Mbalame zina zimakhala ndi maso amphamvu kwambiri otha kuona mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuposa mitundu yomwe anthu amatha kuona. Motero mbalamezi zimatha kuona kuwala kwinakwake kumene anthu sangathe kuona. Mbalame zina anthu amalephera kuzisiyanitsa kuti iyi ndi yaimuna iyo ndi yaikazi. Komatu mbalame zazimunazo zimakhala ndi nthenga zimene zimanyezimira mosiyana ndi nthenga za zazikazi. Mbalamezo zimatha kuona kusiyanaku, motero sizivutika kupeza mwamuna kapena mkazi.

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Nthambi

Kanthambi

Thunthu

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Nthenga za kunja

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Nthenga za kunsi kwa nthenga zam’kati

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Tinthenga totulutsa mfundu

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Tinthenga tam’kati

[Chithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

Mbalame ya kunyanja