Mano Akhala Akuvutitsa Anthu Kuyambira Kalekale

Kalekale, pamisika ya m’matawuni a ku Ulaya anthu ena achinyengo ankanamiza anthu podzitama kuti angathe kuwazula mano popanda kumva ululu uliwonse. Anthu achinyengowa ankakhala ndi anzawo. Ndiye poyamba anzawowo ankanamizira kuti akuopa, koma kenaka ankalola kuti awazule mano. Akatero, munthu uja ankanamizira kuti wachotsa dzinolo poonetsa dzino lina lokhala ndi magazi. Anthu okhala ndi vuto la mano ankakopeka ndi zimenezi n’kupereka ndalama zawo kuti awachotse mano. Anthu achinyengowo ankaimba ng’oma ndi zitoliro kuti ochotsedwa mano aja asamveke akamalira poopa kuti ena angachite mantha. Patangotha masiku ochepa, anthu ambiri amene ankachotsedwa manowo ankatupa kwambiri masaya, koma apa n’kuti atambwali aja atasowa kale.

MASIKU ano ndi anthu ochepa chabe amene angachitidwe chipongwe ngati chimenechi chifukwa chosowa chithandizo chabwino. Madokotala a masiku ano amatha kuchiza matenda a mano, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatero popanda kuchotseratu dzinolo. Koma anthu ambiri amachitabe mantha akaganizira zoonana ndi dokotala wa mano. Kuti timvetse ubwino wa chithandizo cha matenda a mano cha masiku ano, tiyeni tione mbiri ya mmene madokotala a mano anaphunzirira kuchepetsa ululu.

Akuti kuola mano ndi nthenda yachiwiri pa matenda ofala kwambiri pakati pa anthu. Yoyamba ndi nthenda ya chimfine. Matenda a mano sanayambe lero ayi. Mawu amene mfumu Solomo inanena mwandakatulo amasonyeza kuti ku Isiraeli mfundo yakuti anthu achikulire amavutika chifukwa chotha mano m’kamwa inali yodziwika bwino.—Mlaliki 12:3.

Matendawa Anavutitsa Ngakhale Mafumu

Elizabeth Woyamba anavutika kwambiri ndi matenda a mano ngakhale kuti anali mfumukazi ya ku England. Mlendo wina wa ku Germany ataona kuda kwa mano a mfumukaziyi ananena kuti limeneli linali “vuto limene Angelezi anali nalo mwina chifukwa chokonda zinthu zashuga.” Mu December 1578, mfumukaziyi inkachita kusowa tulo chifukwa cha vuto la mano. Madokotala anauza mfumukaziyo kuti m’pofunika kuzula dzino lowolalo, koma inakana mwina poopa ululu. Pofuna kulimbikitsa mfumukaziyi kuti ilole kuzulidwa mano, John Aylmer, yemwe anali bishopu wa ku London, anazulitsa dzino lake pamaso pa mfumukaziyi ndipo n’kutheka kuti dzino limeneli linali lowola. Bishopuyu anasonyeza kulimba mtima kwambiri chifukwatu anali wachikulire ndipo mano ake ambiri anali atagweruka kale.

Panthawiyi, anthu wamba akafuna kuzulitsa mano ankapita kwa ometa tsitsi ngakhalenso kwa osula zinthu monga makasu. Anthu ambiri atayamba kutukuka n’kumatha kugula shuga, matenda a mano anayamba kufala, motero panafunikanso anthu ambiri odziwa kuzula mano. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti madokotala ena ayambe kuganizira zothandizapo pavutoli. Komabe, akatswiri odziwa bwino zozula mano ankabisa kwambiri njira zawo zozulira mano, moti madokotalawa anayenera kudziphunzitsa okha ntchitoyi. Komanso panalibe mabuku ambiri ophunzitsa ntchito imeneyi.

Patatha zaka pafupifupi 100 kuchokera pa nthawi ya mfumukazi Elizabeth Woyamba, mfumu Louis wa chi 14 anayamba kulamulira dziko la France. Iye anavutika ndi matenda a mano kwa nthawi yaitali pamoyo wake, ndipo mu 1685 anamuchotsa mano ake onse a mbali ya kumanzere a m’mwamba. Anthu ena amati n’kutheka kuti matenda a mfumuyi ndiwo anaichititsa kuti chaka chimenecho ipereke lamulo loletsa ufulu wachipembedzo ku France. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti zipembedzo zing’onozing’ono zizunzidwe kwambiri.

 Chiyambi cha Udokotala wa Mano Wamakono

Anthu ambiri ku Paris anatengera moyo wapamwamba wa mfumu Louis wa chi 14 ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti payambe kukhala madokotala a matenda a mano. Kuti munthu zimuyendere bwino kunyumba ya mfumu ndiponso kwina kulikonse anayenera kuoneka bwino. Motero kunayamba kupezeka madokotala a mtundu wina chifukwa choti anthu ambiri anayamba kufuna mano ochita kupanga omwe anthu anayamba kuvala pongofuna kuti azioneka bwino. Awa anali madokotala a mano omwe ankathandiza anthu apamwamba okhaokha. Dokotala wamkulu wa mano ku Paris anali Pierre Fauchard, ndipo anaphunzira udokotala m’gulu lankhondo la ku France. Iyeyu anadzudzula madokotala amene analekelera kuti ntchito yozula anthu mano ikhale m’manja mwa ometa tsitsi ndiponso anthu ena achinyengo. Dokotala ameneyu analinso munthu woyamba kudzitcha kuti dokotala wa mano.

Pofuna kuthetsa chizolowezi chobisa njira zochizira matenda a mano, mu 1728 Fauchard analemba buku limene anafotokozamo njira zonse zochizira matendawa zimene iyeyo ankadziwa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi anayamba kutchedwa kuti Dokotala Woyamba wa Mano. Iyeyu anali dokotala woyamba kukhazika odwala ake pampando powapatsa chithandizo, m’malo mowakhazika pansi. Iyeyu ndiye anakonzanso zipangizo zisanu zozulira mano, koma sikuti anali dokotala wongozula mano ayi. Anakonzanso kachipangizo kobowolera mano ndipo anatulukira njira zomatira mano obowoka. Anaphunzira kumata mano ndi kumatirira mano ochita kupanga. Ankapanganso mano ovekera a mnyanga wa njovu omwe ankakhala ndi waya wothandiza kuti mano a m’mwamba azikhazikika bwinobwino. Fauchard ndiye anachititsa kuti pakhale udokotala wa mano. Njira zakezo zinafika mpaka ku America.

Mmene Pulezidenti Woyamba wa ku America Anavutikira

Patatha zaka 100 kuchokera pa nthawi ya mfumu Louis wa chi 14, George Washington anavutika kwambiri ndi mano ku America. Kungoyambira ali ndi zaka 22, ankachotsetsa dzino pafupifupi chaka chilichonse. Ayenera kuti anavutika kwambiri panthawi imene ankatsogolera gulu lankhondo la America polimbana ndi asilikali a dziko la Britain. Panthawi imene anakhala pulezidenti woyamba wa dziko la United States, mu 1789, n’kuti mano atatsala pang’ono kutheratu m’kamwa mwake.

Washington ankavutikanso maganizo kwambiri chifukwa cha magweru ake ndiponso chifukwa choti mano ake ochitira kuikira sankakhazikika bwinobwino. Ankachita manyazi kwambiri ndi maonekedwe ake ndipo anavutika kuti adzisonyeze kwa anthu monga pulezidenti wa dziko latsopanolo. Masiku amenewo, mano ovekera sankakhazikika bwinobwino m’kamwa chifukwa ankapangidwa posema mnyanga wa njovu, osati pogwiritsa ntchito chikombole cha dzino la munthuyo. Angelezi apamwamba ankakumana ndi mavuto ofanana ndi amene anakumana nawo Washington. Akuti n’kutheka kuti Angelezi sanena nthabwala akuseka chifukwa choti kalelo anthu ankaopa kuti akaseka kwambiri ndiye kuti aonetsa mano awo ochita kuikira.

Zikuoneka kuti si zoona kuti mano ochita kuvala a Washington anali athabwa. Ena mwa mano ake anali a munthu, ena a mnyanga wa njovu, ndipo ena anali achitsulo, koma analibe mano aliwonse athabwa. N’kutheka kuti dokotala wake wa mano anam’pezera manowo kuchokera kwa anthu akuba kumanda. Anthu ogulitsa mano ankatsatiranso asilikali kunkhondo n’kumazula mano a anthu akufa ndi anthu amene atsala pang’ono kufa. Motero ndi anthu olemera okha amene akanakwanitsa kugula mano otere. Mu 1850 m’pamene anatulukira njira yogwiritsira ntchito labala pokonza nkhama za mano ochita kuvekera. Atatero, ngakhale anthu wamba anayamba kupeza mano otere. Ngakhale kuti madokotala a mano a Washington anali akadaulo a ntchito imeneyi panthawi yawoyo, sankamvetsabe chimene chimayambitsa matenda a mano.

Chimene Chimayambitsadi Matenda a Mano

Kuyambira kalekale, anthu ankaganiza kuti mbozi ndi zimene zimayambitsa matenda a mano, ndipo maganizo amenewa anafika mpaka m’ma 1700. Mu 1890, dokotala wina wa mano wa ku America, dzina lake Willoughby Miller, yemwe ankagwira ntchito ku Germany pa yunivesite yotchedwa Berlin, anapeza chimene chimachititsa kuti mano azibowoka. Limeneli ndilo vuto lalikulu loyambitsa  matenda a mano. Pali tizilombo tinatake timene timakonda kwambiri shuga ndipo timatulutsa asidi amene amawononga mano. Koma kodi matenda a mano angapewedwe bwanji? Njira yopewera matendawa anaitulukira mwangozi.

Kwa zaka zambiri madokotala a mano ku Colorado, m’dziko la United States sankamvetsa kuti n’chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri kumeneko anali ndi mano akuda. Potsiriza pake anaona kuti n’chifukwa choti m’madzi akumeneko munali mchere wambiri wa mtundu winawake (womwe amati fulolaidi). Koma ali m’kati mofufuza vuto limeneli, ofufuza anatulukira mwangozi mfundo imene inali yothandiza kwambiri padziko lonse pankhani yopewa matenda a mano. Mfundo yake inali yakuti anthu ambiri amene anakulira m’madera amene madzi akumwa amakhala ndi mchere wochepa kwambiri wa mtundu umenewu, mano awo amakhala owola. Madzi a m’madera ambiri amakhala ndi mchere umenewu mwachilengedwe ndipo pakati pa dzino pali gawo linalake lolimba kwambiri lopangidwa ndi mcherewu. Anthu omwa madzi operewera mchere umenewu akayamba kudya kapena kumwa zinthu zothira mcherewu, vutoli limachepa kwambiri.

Zitatero anamvetsa chimene chinkachititsa matenda a mano. Nthawi zambiri matenda a mano amabwera chifukwa cha kuwola kwa manowo. Shuga amawonjezera vutoli koma mcherewu umathandiza kulipewa. Ngakhale zili choncho, pali umboni wotsimikizira kuti sibwino kungodalira mcherewu m’malo motsuka m’kamwa.

Kufunafuna Njira Yochotsera Mano Popanda Ululu

Asanatulukire mankhwala opha ululu, odwala ankavutika kwambiri ndi ululu pochotsedwa mano. Madokotala a mano ankabowola mano owawa chifukwa choola. Ankatero ndi tizida takuthwa ndipo pabowopo ankathirapo ntovu winawake wotentha kuti patsekeke. Chifukwa choti analibe mankhwala aliwonse oteteza dzinolo kuti lisalowe matenda, ankatenga chitsulo n’kuchiika pa moto kuti mpaka chifiire kenaka n’kuchizika pabowo la dzinolo. Asanatulukire zida zapadera ndiponso mankhwala opha ululu pozula mano, kuzulitsa mano kunali koopsa kwambiri. Anthu ankalola kumva ululu wadzaoneni woterewu chifukwa choona kuti ndi bwino kumva ululu umenewu kuyerekezera ndi kukhala akumva ululu wa matenda a mano tsiku ndi tsiku. Ngakhale kuti kwa zaka zambiri anthu ankagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana osokoneza bongo monga chamba ndi mankhwala ena, mankhwala oterewa ankangochepetsa ululu basi. Kodi zinali zotheka kwa madokotala kupeza njira yochotsera mano popanda ululu?

Mu 1772 wasayansi wina wa ku England, dzina lake Joseph Priestley, anapeza njira yokonzera mpweya wokhala ndi mankhwala ochititsa munthu kuseka, ndipo posakhalitsa anthu anaona kuti mankhwalawa ankaphanso ululu. Koma palibe amene anawagwiritsira ntchito kwa odwala mpaka mu 1844. Pa December 10 chaka chomwecho, Horace Wells, yemwe anali dokotala wa mano mumzinda wa Hartford, ku Connecticut, m’dziko la America, anapita ku msonkhano umene anthu ena anawapatsa mpweya wa mankhwala oseketsawa kuti azisangalatsa anthu. Wells anaona kuti mankhwalawa ankachititsa anthu kukhulitsa mwamphamvu miyendo yawo pabenchi lolemera mpaka kudzivulaza koma osaonetsa kuti akumva ululu uliwonse. Wells anali munthu wachifundo kwambiri ndipo ankakhumudwa kwambiri kuona ululu umene anthu ankamva akamawachotsa mano. Nthawi yomweyo iye anaganiza zoyamba kugwiritsira ntchito mpweya umenewu popha ululu. Koma asanapatse ena mankhwalawo anayamba wawayesa kaye yekha. Tsiku lotsatira, iye anakhala pa mpando wake n’kufwenkha kwambiri mpweyawo mpaka kukomoka nawo. Kenaka mnzake anam’chotsa dzino linalake limene linkamuvuta. Imeneyi inali nthawi yoyamba m’mbiri ya udokotala wa mano kuti munthu achotsedwe dzino popanda ululu uliwonse. *

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, udokotala wa mano wapita patsogolo kwambiri. Motero, masiku ano mukamalandira chithandizo kwa dokotola wa mano simumva ululu wangati umenewo.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 28]

Mano ovekera a mnyanga wa njovu a George Washington, pulezidenti woyamba wa dziko la America

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy of The National Museum of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD

[Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Chithunzi chojambula pamanja cha mu  1844, chosonyeza opaleshoni yoyamba yochotsa mano pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa mankhwala ochititsa munthu kuseka

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine