Nyumba Zobatiziramo Anthu Umboni wa Mwambo Woiwalika

YAMBANI

Nyumba Zobatiziramo Anthu Umboni wa Mwambo Woiwalika

YOLEMBEDWA KU FRANCE

“UBATIZO Woviikana M’madzi pa Tchalitchi.” Umenewu unali mutu wa patsamba loyambirira la m’nyuzipepala ya ku France mu 2001. Komabe, nkhaniyi inali ndi chithunzi cha membala watsopano wachikatolika ataima mu dziwe la ubatizo, madzi akumulekeza m’maondo ndipo bishopu akumuthira madzi pamutu pake. Ubatizo umenewu wakhala ukuchitika padziko lonse m’matchalitchi a Chikatolika kuyambira pamene msonkhano wa Second Vatican Council unavomereza ubatizo wothira munthu madzi pamutu ataima m’madzi. Koma funso ndi lakuti: Popeza kuti anthu ambiri m’tchalitchi cha Katolika anabatizidwa ali ana mochita kuwazidwa madzi pamutu, kodi ndi ubatizo uti umene umagwirizana ndi wa Yohane Mbatizi ndiponso atumwi a Yesu? Kodi Akhristu ayenera kubatizidwa bwanji masiku ano? Kufufuza mbiri ya Nyumba zobatiziramo anthu kutithandiza kuyankha mafunso amenewa.

Chiyambi cha Ubatizo ndi Tanthauzo Lake

Pachiyambi penipeni, ubatizo wachikhristu unkakhala womiza thupi lonse m’madzi. Nkhani ya m’Baibulo ya mdindo wa ku Itopiya, amene anabatizidwa ndi Filipo, imatithandiza kumvetsa zimenezi. Ataphunzira za Khristu, komanso ataona madzi ambiri, iye anati: “Chindiletsa n’chiyani kumizidwa?” (Machitidwe 8:26-39, The Emphatic Diaglott) Mawu akuti “kumizidwa” amawamasulira kuchokera ku mawu a Chigiriki akuti ba·ptiʹzo, amene amatanthauza “kuviika” kapena “kunyika.” Mawu Achichewa akuti ubatizo amachokeranso ku mawu achigiriki amenewa. Mawu amenewa amatanthauza kumiza thupi lonse m’madzi. Zimenezi n’zomveka tikaganizira kuti ubatizo amauyerekezanso ndi kukwiriridwa m’manda. (Aroma 6:4; Akolose 2:12) N’zochititsa chidwi kudziwa kuti omasulira Baibulo ambiri achifalansa (mwachitsanzo, Chouraqui ndi Pernot) amatchula Yohane Mbatizi kuti, Yohane Womiza.

Kalekalelo Chikhristu chitangoyamba kumene, ubatizo womiza thupi lonse m’madzi unkachitikira kulikonse kumene anali kupeza madzi ambiri, monga m’mitsinje, m’nyanja, ndi m’maiwe ochita kupanga. Koma anthu ofuna kubatizidwa atachuluka, anayamba kumanga nyumba zambiri zobatiziramo anthu mu Ufumu wonse wa Roma, kuyambira ku Dalimatiya mpaka ku Palesitina ndi kuchokera ku Girisi mpaka ku Igupto. Nyumba yakale kwambiri yobatiziramo anthu ili ku Syria, m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Euphrates, ndipo akuti inamangidwa cha mu 230 C.E.

Pamene “Chikhristu” chinakhala chipembedzo chovomerezeka mu Ufumu wa Roma m’chaka cha 313 C.E., anthu mamiliyoni ambiri anakhala “Akhristu” ndipo anafunikira kubatizidwa. Pachifukwa chimenechi, nyumba zambiri zobatiziramo anthu zinamangidwa m’malo osiyanasiyana. Pofika cha m’ma 500 C.E, ku Roma kokha kunamangidwa nyumba zobatiziramo anthu zokwana pafupifupi 25, kuphatikizapo ya ku tchalitchi cha St. John Lateran. Ku Gau, pafupifupi dayosizi iliyonse inali ndi nyumba yakeyake yobatiziramo anthu ndipo buku lina linati nyumba zimenezi zinalipo zokwana 150. Akuti kunalinso nyumba zina zambiri kumadera a kumidzi, zomwe zinamangidwa pafupi ndi timatchalitchi ting’onoting’ono, manda komanso pafupi ndi nyumba za amonke.

Kamangidwe Kake ndi Kapezedwe ka Madzi

Nyumba zambiri zobatiziramo anthu zinkakhala zozungulira kapena zamakonamakona ndipo ankazimanga pazokha kapena ankazilumikiza ku tchalitchi. Akatswiri ofukula za m’mabwinja apeza kuti nyumba zimenezi zinkakhala zazing’ono (zambiri sizinali kupitirira masikweya mita 200) koma zinkakhala zokongoletsedwa bwino ndi zipilala, miyala yokongola, ndi zithunzi zochita kuzokota, zomwe nthawi zina zinali zosonyeza zinthu za m’Baibulo. Nyumba zimenezi, monga nyumba imene inali mu mzinda wa Mariana, ku Corsica, ankazitchinga pamwamba pake ndi denga lomangidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Maiwenso obatiziramo anthu ankapangidwa mosiyanasiyana, ena ankakhala ozungulira ndipo ena ankakhala amakonamakona. Kutengera kukula ndi kuya kwa dziwe la ubatizo, n’zoonekeratu kuti malo amenewa anali obatiziramo anthu akuluakulu okhaokha. Maiwe ambiri analinso aakulu oti ankatha kukwana anthu awiri kapena oposa pamenepa. Mwachitsanzo, mu mzinda wa Lyon ku France, kunali dziwe limene linali lalikulu masentimita 325 m’lifupi. Maiwe ambiri ankakhala ndi masitepe olowera m’madzi, ndipo ambiri anali ndi masitepe 7.

Nkhawa yaikulu imene amakhala nayo pomanga malo a ubatizo amenewa inali ya kapezedwe ka madzi. N’chifukwa chake, nyumba zambiri zobatiziramo anthu ankazimanga pafupi ndi akasupe a madzi, ndipo zina ankazimanga pafupi ndi akasupe a madzi otentha monga imene inali mu mzinda wa Nice, kum’mwera kwa France. Ndipo madzi ankawalowetsa ndi kuwatulutsa m’maiwemo kudzera m’mapaipi. Nthawi zina ankachita kutunga madzi a mvula, ndi kumakawathira pa maiwe a ubatizowo.

Nyumba ya ubatizo ya St. John, mu mzinda wa Poitiers kumadzulo kwa France, yomwe anaimanga cha m’ma 350 C.E., ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha mmene malo a ubatizo a anthu omwe ankadzitcha Akhristu m’zaka zimenezo ankaonekera. M’kati mwa nyumba imeneyi, munali dziwe lalikulu la makona 8 ndi masitepe atatu. Munalinso tinyumba ting’onoting’ono tomangidwa mozungulira dziweli ndipo linali lakuya masentimita 141 ndiponso mbali yayitali kwambiri m’lifupi mwake inali yaikulu masentimita 215. Dziweli analilumikiza ndi ngalande imene inali kulowetsa madzi mu mzindawo kuchokera ku kasupe wapafupi.

Kodi Ubatizo Wake Unali Wotani?

Kodi ubatizo umene unkachitikira m’nyumba zimenezi unali womiza thupi lonse m’madzi? Akatswiri ena a mbiri ya Chikatolika amayankha kuti ayi, ndipo amalimbikira kunena kuti kuchiyambiyambi kwa mbiri ya tchalitchi cha Katolika ubatizo wodziwika bwino unali wowaza madzi pamutu. Iwo amanenanso kuti maiwe obatiziramo anthu sanali kupitirira mita imodzi kuya kwake motero kunali kosatheka kuti munthu wamkulu n’kumira pobatizidwa. Ndiponso insaikulopediya ya Chikatolika imati, ku Poitiers “wansembe ankaponda pa sitepi lachitatu kupita pansi koma osanyowetsa mapazi ake.”

Komabe, ngakhale zojambula zapambuyo pake, zimasonyeza kuti ubatizo wake unali womiza thupi lonse m’madzi. Mwachitsanzo, zimasonyeza munthu woyembekezera kubatizidwayo madzi akumulekeza m’chifuwa kapena m’khosi. (Onani chithunzi pamwambapa.) Kodi zinali zotheka kuti munthu amizidwe thupi lonse ngakhale kuti madzi anali olekeza m’chiuno? Buku lina limati n’zotheka kuti madzi ankawaimitsa kaye mpaka munthu wobatizidwayo atagwada kapena kunjuta moti n’kumira thupi lonse. * Pulofesa wa miyambo ya Chikatolika ku Paris, dzina lake Pierre Jounel, anati: Munthu wofuna kubatizidwa “anali kuima m’madzi olekeza m’chiuno. Kenako wansembe ankamuika dzanja lake pamutu n’kumuweramitsa mpaka atamira thupi lonse m’madzi.”

Malo Obatiziramo Anthu Anayamba Kuchepetsedwa

M’kupita kwa nthawi, ubatizo umene unkachitika mosavuta m’nthawi ya atumwi, unayamba kukhala ndi miyambo yambirimbiri. Mwachitsanzo, paubatizopo anthu anayamba kuvala zovala zapadera, kuchita magesicha, kupereka mapemphero ochotsa ziwanda, kuchita mwambo woyeretsa madzi, ndiponso ankalumbira ndi kudzozana mafuta. Koma ubatizo wothira madzi pamutu munthuyo ataima m’madzi unapitirizabe kufalikira ku madera ena. Maiwe obatiziramo anthu anayamba kuchepetsedwa, ena anachepa mpaka kufika theka la mmene analili poyamba. Mwachitsanzo, ku Cazères, kum’mwera kwa France, dziwe loyamba lakuya masentimita 113 linachepetsedwa mpaka kufika masentimita 48 pofika zaka za m’ma 500 C.E. Kenako, cha m’ma 1100, ubatizo umenewu unatha m’Chikatolika ndipo unalowedwa m’malo ndi ubatizo wongowaza madzi pamutu. Katswiri wa maphunziro wa ku France, dzina lake Pierre Chaunu anati, izi zinachitika chifukwa cha “kufalikira kwa ubatizo wa makanda m’mayiko omwe anali ndi nyengo yozizira, popeza kuti sizinali zotheka kuviika khanda m’madzi ozizira.”

Kusintha kwa ubatizo kotere n’kumene kunachititsa kuti malo a ubatizo ayambe kuchepetsedwa. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale, dzina lake Frédéric Buhler, atafufuza za mbiri ya ubatizo, anati: “Mabuku onena za zinthu zofukulidwa m’mabwinja ndiponso zinthu zojambula ndi zosema, zimasonyeza kuti ubatizo unasintha kuchokera ku ubatizo womiza munthu wamkulu thupi lonse m’madzi, kenako panakhala ubatizo wothira munthu wamkulu madzi pamutu ataima m’madzi, ndiponso ubatizo womiza ana thupi lonse n’kufika ku ubatizo wawaza madzi makanda.”

Ubatizo umene ukufala kwambiri masiku ano ndi wothira munthu madzi pamutu ataimanso m’madzi. Ndipo pachifukwa chimenechi, nyumba zobatiziramo anthu ayambanso kuzikulitsa kwambiri kuposa kale. Mogwirizananso ndi zimene Buhler ananena, anthu ambiri akukhumbira ubatizo womiza m’madzi, choncho malamulo amakono a tchalitchi cha Chikatolika, ayamba kulimbikitsa ubatizo womiza thupi lonse m’madzi. N’zochititsa chidwi kudziwa kuti Baibulo linali litanena kale kuti ubatizo womwewu, womiza thupi lonse m’madzi, ndiwo uli woyenera kwa Akhristu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

^ ndime 14 Mboni za Yehova zambiri zamakono zinabatizidwira pa kadziwe kakang’ono kapena ngakhale m’bafa, koma ubatizo wake unali womiza thupi lonse m’madzi.

[Chithunzi patsamba 13]

Nyumba ya ubatizo ya St. John ku Poitiers, France

[Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Kukonzanso nyumba ya ubatizo ya mu mzinda wa Mariana, ku Corsica, yomwe inamangidwa cha m’ma 400 C.E.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

[Zithunzi patsamba 14]

ZITHUNZI ZA UBATIZO WA KHRISTU

Yesu ali mu mtsinje wa Yorodano, madzi akumulekeza m’mapewa, angelo akumubweretsera taulo yoziumitsira, 800 C.E.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Yesu ali mu mtsinje wa Yorodano, madzi akumulekeza m’khosi. Kumanzere kuli angelo awiri atanyamuzana taulo yoti amuumitsire, 1100 C.E.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

GALAMUKANI!