Ananeneratu za “Zipangizo Zosakazira Anthu”

“Munthu ndi nyama yovuta kwambiri. Nthawi zonse amaphunzira zinthu n’cholinga choti alime ena pamsana, awasakaze kapenanso awadyere masuku pamutu.” Anatero Horace Walpole, Mngelezi wolemba mabuku wa m’zaka za m’ma 1700.

NDEGE n’zothandiza m’njira zambiri zedi. Komabe, mawu ali pamwambawa n’ngoona, chifukwa munthu akatulukira chinthu chabwino amachigwiritsa ntchito m’njira yolakwika. Kale kwambiri, ndege zisanabwere n’komwe, anthu ankaganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene angachite pankhondo ngati atatulukira zipangizo zouluka.

Mu 1670, kutatsala zaka zopitirira 100 kuti anthu atulukire njira youluka atakwera zibaluni, Mjezuwiti wina wa ku Italy dzina lake Francesco Lana, anati n’kutheka kuti “Mulungu sadzalola kuti anthu apange chipangizo choterechi popewa mavuto adzaoneni amene angabwere pakati pa anthu komanso maboma.” Komabe ananenanso kuti: “Ngati atalola, ndiye kuti palibe mzinda umene ungakhale wotetezeka kwa adani, chifukwa ndege zikhoza kungotulukira paliponse n’kutsitsa asilikali, kaya pamsika, panyumba za anthu, ngakhalenso pasitima zam’madzi. . . . Ngakhale zitapanda kutera, zikhoza kuponya zinthu zimene zingamize sitimazo n’kupheratu anthu onse komanso kupserezeratu sitimazo ndi zinthu monga mabomba.”

Kenaka anthu atapanga zibaluni zoyendera gasi kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1700, Walpole ananenanso kuti, “m’posavuta kuti zibalunizi zisanduke zipangizo zosakazira anthu.” Izitu n’zimene zinachitikadi. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1794, zibalunizi zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akuluakulu agulu la nkhondo la ku France, pa ukazitape komanso pounika njira zoyendamo asilikali pankhondo. Zibaluni zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito pankhondo ya pachiweniweni ya ku America ndiponso pankhondo ya pakati pa France ndi Germany m’ma 1870. Asilikali a mayiko a America, Britain, France ndi Germany anagwiritsanso ntchito kwambiri zibalunizi pochita ukazitape pankhondo ziwiri za padziko lonse.

Zibaluni zinasandukadi zipangizo zosakaza kwambiri pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Panthawiyi, asilikali a ku Japan anaponya zibaluni 9,000 zodzaza ndi mabomba kuti zikagwere ku America, ndipo zoposa 280 ndizo zinakafika.

Ananeneratu za Ndege za Nkhondo

Ndege zitangoyamba kupangidwa, anthu anayamba kuganiza zozigwiritsa ntchito pankhondo. Mu 1907, Alexander Graham Bell anati: “Ndi anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa kuti panopo dziko la America latsala pang’ono kutulukira chipangizo chimene chisinthiretu kamenyedwe ka nkhondo padziko lonse. Chipangizo chimenechi ndi ndege.” M’chaka chomwecho, nyuzi ina (yotchedwa The New York Times) inagwira mawu msilikali wina woyendetsa zibaluni, dzina lake Thomas T. Lovelace, yemwe  anati: “Panopo mayiko onse akuluakulu ali ndi maboti oponya mabomba ndiponso zida zophulitsira maboti otere. M’zaka ziwiri kapena zisanu zikubwerazi, mayiko amenewa adzakhala ndi ndege za nkhondo ndiponso zida zogwetsera ndege zotere.”

Patangotha miyezi itatu yokha, bungwe la asilikali ku America linalemba ntchito anthu awiri apachibale, omwe anali ana a Wright, kuti apange ndege yoyamba yankhondo. Ponena za chidwi cha asilikaliwo pa ndegeyo, pa September 13, 1908, nyuzi taitchula ija inati: “Pogwiritsa ntchito ndegeyi, n’zotheka kuphulitsiratu sitima yonse yankhondo ndi bomba limodzi lokha.”

N’zoonadi kuti ndege ‘zinasinthiratu kamenyedwe ka nkhondo padziko lonse,’ monga ananenera Bell. Pofika mu 1915, makampani opanga ndege anali atapanga mfuti yolumikizidwa kutsogolo kwa ndege. Mfuti zoterezi zimamwaza zipolopolo mwakathithi. Kenaka anapanganso ndege zoponya mabomba zomwe zinasakaza kwambiri pankhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Ndege yotere inaponya bomba loyamba la nyukiliya mu mzinda wa Hiroshima, ku Japan, pa August 6, 1945. Bombali linadiriziratu mzinda wonsewo n’kuusandutsa phulusa lokhalokha ndipo linasakaziratu anthu 100,000.

Mu 1943, patatsala zaka ziwiri kuti bomba lija liphulitsidwe, Orville Wright anauza anzake kuti akumva chisoni kwambiri chifukwa chotulukira njira yopangira ndege. Iye anati ndege zasakazadi kwambiri pankhondo ziwiri zokha zapadziko lonse. Ndipo panopa ndege zikusakaza kwabasi kuposa kale chifukwa zimanyamula mabomba oopsa kwambiri pomenya nkhondo mokwaniritsa ulosi wakuti “mtundu udzaukirana ndi mtundu wina.”—Mateyo 24:7.

[Zithunzi pamasamba 22, 23]

1. Chibaluni chonyamula mabomba

2. Chibaluni cholondera mzinda

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, LC-USE6-D-004722

3. Ndege imene inaponya bomba loyamba la nyukiliya

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

USAF photo

4. Ndege yophulitsa ndege zinzake

5. Ndege yomenya nkhondo mwakabisira

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

U.S. Department of Defense