Baikal Ndi Nyanja Yaikulu Kwambiri Padziko Lonse

YOLEMBEDWA KU RUSSIA

KKUYAMBIRA kale, mafuko osiyanasiyana a anthu ku Mongolia akhala akulemekeza kwambiri nyanja ya Baikal. Anthuwa amapezeka m’chigawo chakumidzi chimene chili kum’mwera kwa Siberia. Inde, padziko lonse pali nyanja zingapo zazikulu kuposa nyanja imeneyi, koma palibe nyanja yomwe si yamchere yozama komanso ya madzi ambiri ngati nyanja ya Baikal. Dzina lodziwika kwambiri la nyanjayi ndi Baikal, lomwe akuti mwina limatanthauza “Nyanja Yamwanaalirenji” kapena “Nyanja Yamchere.” Ndipotu, chifukwa chakuti nyanjayi ndi “yaikulu kwambiri ndiponso imachita mafunde amphamvu,” nthawi zina anthu oyenda pa nyanjayi amati “tikupita ku nyanja yamchere.”

Anthu a ku Russia amasangalala kwambiri akamva mawu akuti nyanja ya Baikal. Wasayansi wina wa ku Moscow anati nyanjayi imaimba “kanyimbo kokoma kwambiri kamene aliyense amaphunzira adakali mwana.” Mawu a kanyimboka ndi zinthu monga maonekedwe otenga mtima a m’mphepete mwa nyanjayi, madzi ake oyera zedi, ndiponso zachilengedwe zake zosiyanasiyana zimene sizipezeka kwina kulikonse padziko lonse.

M’litali, nyanjayi ndi yaikulu makilomita 636 ndipo m’lifupi ndi yaikulu makilomita 80. Tikamaionera mlengalenga, nyanjayi imaoneka ngati diso lotsinzina pang’ono. Madzi onse a m’nyanja zisanu zazikulu kwambiri ku North America sangadzadze n’komwe nyanja imeneyi moti atatenga madzi onse a m’nyanja za padziko pano zomwe sizamchere n’kuwagawa pasanu, nyanja ya Baikal yokha ingatenge gawo lathunthu la magawo asanuwo. Nyanja ya Baikal ndi yakuya mamita oposa 1,600. Titati tichotse madzi onse m’nyanja ya Baikal, kenaka n’kupatutsa mitsinje ya padziko lonse kuti izikathira m’nyanjayi, pangathe chaka chathunthu kuti nyanjayi idzadze.

Kuwombana kwa Nthaka

Akatswiri a za miyala ndi nthaka amati n’zotheka kuti kalekalelo mbali imodzi ya nthaka zimene zazunguliridwa ndi nyanja zamchere za padziko lonse inkasuntha molowera cha kumpoto ndipo inakawombana ndi chigawo chachikulu cha nthaka chimene timachitcha kuti Asia. Kuwombana kwa nthaka zikuluzikuluzi kunachititsa kuti matanthwe akuluakulu a pansi padziko awombane ndipo anatundumuka n’kupanga mapiri otchedwa Himalaya. Ena amakhulupirira kuti kuwombana kwa nthakaku kunachititsanso kuti m’madera ena a ku Siberia mukumbike kwambiri moti mpaka munapangika zigwa. Dera limodzi lotereli ndilo chigwa cha Baikal. Patapita nthawi, madzi a mvula ochokera m’mapiri ozungulira maderawa anakokolola matope ambirimbiri n’kuwaunjika m’chigwachi. Kenako chigwachi chinadzadza ndi madzi ndipo chinakhala nyanja ya Baikal. Panopo, pali mitsinje yoposa 300 imene imathira m’nyanjayi, koma ndi mtsinje wa Angara wokha, womwe umatulutsa madzi m’nyanja imeneyi.

Nyanja ya Baikal siyodzadza ndi matope ngati nyanja zambiri zakale ndipo ilibenso zithaphwi. Asayansi amati ichi n’chifukwa choti matanthwe a pansi pa nyanjayi akumka nasuntha, motero chigwacho chikukulirakulirabe. N’chifukwa chake n’zosadabwitsa kuti m’malo moti nyanjayi izidzadza ndi matope, ikuzamirazamira. Kusuntha kwa matanthwewa kumachititsanso kuti  m’malo ena a pansi pa nyanjayi muzikhala akasupe a madzi otentha.

Tiyeni Tione Zimene Zili M’nyanjayi

Anthu ena amachita mantha kuwoloka nyanja ya Baikal atakwera boti chifukwa choti madzi a m’nyanjayi n’ngoyera kwambiri moti malo ena mumatha kuona bwinobwino pansi penipeni, mwina pokuya mamita 50 ngati kuti palibe madzi. M’nyanjayi muli mtundu winawake wa nkhanu zing’onozing’ono kwambiri zomwe zimathandiza kuti musadzadze zomera zosiyanasiyana monga ndere ndi zina zotero, monga mmene zilili m’nyanja zina. Komanso muli nsomba zina zomwe zimadya chilichonse chimene chafa, motero simupezeka zinthu zowola. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti madzi ake azikhala oyera zedi moti zaka zingapo zapitazo, asayansi anatenga madziwa kuti akawayeze. Atawayeza anapeza kuti anali oyera kwambiri moti tizinyalala tokhato timene anapezamo tinali tochokera m’tambula imene anatungiramo madziwo.

Madzi a m’nyanja ya Baikal ndi oyera komanso ali ndi mpweya wabwino umene zamoyo zimapuma. Nyanja zina zomwe zilinso zozama kwambiri sizikhala ndi mpweya umenewu pansi pake, motero zamoyo zambiri zokhala pansi pamadzi zimasamukira komwe kuli kosaya kwambiri. Komabe m’nyanja ya Baikal, madzi apansi penipeni ndi apamwamba amasakanikirana chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka mafunde ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti m’nyanja yonseyi mukhale mpweya wabwinowu. Motero m’nyanja yonseyo muli zamoyo zambirimbiri.

Pansi panyanjayi pali zomera zosiyanasiyana zimene zimakula mosangalala chifukwa cha madzi ake oyera ndiponso ozizira bwino. Pali zomera zina zobiriwira zimene pansi pake pamabisala zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za m’madzi. Palinso zamoyo zambiri zodana ndi kuzizira zomwe zimakhala m’malo omwe muli akasupe a madzi otentha a pansi pa nyanjazi. Pamitundu yoposa 2,000 ya zamoyo za m’nyanjayi, mitundu 1,500 imapezeka m’malo a madzi otenthawa basi.

Nyanja ya Baikal imadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha nsomba inayake yokondedwa ndi asodzi (yotchedwa omul), yomwe ndi yokoma kwambiri. Zamoyo zina za m’nyanjayi n’zodabwitsa ndiponso zochititsa mantha kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo kuli nyongolotsi zinazake zimene zimakula kuposa masentimita 30 ndipo zimadya nsomba. Kulinso zamoyo zina zomwe n’zazing’ono kwambiri, zosaoneka ndi maso zomwe zimakhala mu mchenga. Nyanjayi imadziwikanso kwambiri chifukwa cha kansomba kena (kotchedwa golomyanka) komwe kamapezeka m’nyanja yokhayi basi ndipo mwina  ndi kansomba kodabwitsa kwambiri m’nyanja yonseyi.

Kameneka ndi kansomba kakang’ono kwambiri, konyezimira. Kamakhala cha pansi penipeni pa nyanja ndipo sikaikira mazira, koma kamabereka ana amoyo. Kansombaka n’konona kwambiri ndipo mafuta akewo ali ndi vitamini A wambiri. Kamatha kulowa pansi pa nyanja, mwina mamita 200 kapena 450. Koma mnofu wonse wa kansombaka umasungunuka mukakaika padzuwa, moti kamatsala minga ndi mafuta basi. M’nyanjayi muli nyama zina zokhala ngati mvuu (zotchedwa nerpa, kapena Baikal seal) zomwe zimakonda kwambiri kudya kansomba kameneka. Pa nyama zonse za mtundu umenewu, izi zokha n’zimene zimakhala m’nyanja yomwe si yamchere.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo Chaka Chilichonse

Kwa miyezi pafupifupi isanu chaka chilichonse, madzi ambiri m’nyanja ya Baikal amakhala oundana. Pofika chakumapeto kwa January, madziwo amakhala ataundana ndithu moti mungathe kukumba 1 mita kapena kuposa kuti mufike pamene pali madzi osaundana. Madzi oundanawa amaoneka mizeremizere ndipo kukatuluka dzuwa amanyezimira ngati magalasi. Madzi oundanawo saoneka ngati okhuthala kwenikweni chifukwa amakhala oyera kwambiri moti anthu amene akuyenda pamwamba pake amatha kuona bwinobwino miyala yomwe ili pansi pa nyanja. Koma ngakhale zili choncho madziwa amakhala ouma gwaa, ngati chitsulo. Zaka 100 zapitazo, pankhondo yapakati pa dziko la Russia ndi Japan, asilikali a ku Russia anamanga njanji ya sitima yapamtunda pamwamba pa madzi oundana a m’nyanjayi, ndipo sitima 65 zinadutsa bwinobwino panjanjiyi.

Kuyambira cha kumapeto kwa mwezi wa April, mpaka mu June, madzi oundanawo amayamba kusweka ndipo amamveka ngati kusweka kwa galasi. Chaka chilichonse, panyengoyi pamamveka phokoso limeneli ndipo anthu a kuno amati kwa iwowo phokosoli lili ngati kanyimbo kawo ka chaka ndi chaka. Katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zachilengedwe, dzina lake Gerald Durrel, analemba kuti madzi oundanawo “amalira ngati tizitsulo kapena mphalasa [ndipo] amamvekanso ngati kulira kwa amphaka ambirimbiri.” Posakhalitsa, nyengo imasintha ndipo kunja kumayamba kutentha, kenaka mphepo ndi mafunde zimatenga madzi oundanawo n’kukawaunjika m’milu yambirimbiri kumtunda. Miluyi imangooneka kuti waliwali ngati magalasi.

 Madzi osungunuka akayamba kuonekera m’nyanjamo, mbalame zimayambanso kubwera. Ku nyanjayi kuli mbalame zina zimene zimatha nyengo yonse yozizira zili m’dera limene panayambira mtsinje wa Angara, chifukwa awa ndi malo okhawo m’nyanjayi amene madzi ake saundana chaka chonse. Mbalamezi zimasakanikirana ndi mbalame zina zam’madzi monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya abakha, atsekwe, ndi ziswankhono.

Alendo obwera ku nyanjayi m’mwezi wa June angathe kuona zimbalangondo zikungoyendayenda m’magulumagulu m’mphepete mwa nyanjayo, kwinaku zikudya mphutsi zambirimbiri zimene zimakhala m’miyala. Zimbalangondozi zimadya mphutsizi mwaphee, ngakhale kuti ntchentche zimakhala zili ng’waa malo onsewo. Zinyama ndiponso mbalame zambiri zimafika m’mphepete mwa nyanjayi panthawi imeneyi, chifukwa chofuna zamoyo zambirimbiri zimene zimakhala zikudya m’mphepetemo.

Chakumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe, m’nyanjayi mumamera ndere zambiri, koma kwa kanthawi chabe. Pali tizilombo tina ting’onoting’ono timene timadya nderezi ndipo timachititsa kuti madziwo azioneka obiriwira. Koma nthawi zambiri, mukakhala m’mphepete mwa nyanjayi madzi ake amaoneka abuluu wonkera kobiriwira pang’ono, ndipo mukakhala pakati panyanja, madziwo amaoneka abuluu wodera, ngati madzi a m’nyanja ya m’chere.

M’mphepete mwa nyanjayi muli milu ya mchenga ndiponso muli ziphedi zikuluzikulu. Muli malo ambiri ochititsa kaso moti wolemba wina anati chifukwa choti madzi a m’nyanjayi amauma kenaka n’kusungunuka “malowa amaoneka ngati miyala yamtengo wapatali yosinthasintha maonekedwe.”

Kumapeto kwa chaka, panyanjayi pamachita mafunde kawirikawiri. Kenaka nyengoyi ikatha pamawomba mphepo yamkuntho yomwe imatha kuchititsa kuti pakhale mafunde aakulu mwina mamita 4 kapena 6. Palinso nthawi zina pachaka pamene panyanjapa pamawomba chimphepo champhamvu zedi moti chimatha kumiza sitima zikuluzikulu zonyamula anthu ndi maboti a asodzi.

Dera la Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana

Kuvuta kwa nyengo ku Siberia kungapangitse anthu kuganiza kuti ku nyanja ya Baikal kulibe zamoyo zilizonse. Komatu kuli zamoyo zambirimbiri ndiponso malo ambiri okongola. M’mapiri anayi akuluakulu kwambiri omwe anazungulira nyanjayi mumakhala mtundu winawake wa mbawala komanso agwape ena ake, omwe atsala pang’ono kutheratu.

M’madera omwe siokwera mumamera udzu ndi maluwa ambiri. Mulinso mitundu ina ya mbalame zosowa, monga adokowe ndiponso mbalame zinazake zooneka ngati nkhwali zomwe ndi zazikulu kwambiri ku Asia konse.

M’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baikal mulinso nkhalango yowirira yomwe imathandiza kwambiri kuteteza nyanjayi kuti isawonongeke. Nkhalango imeneyi ndi yaikulu kuwirikiza kawiri poyerekezera ndi nkhalango ya Amazon ku Brazil, ndipo nayonso imathandiza kwambiri poteteza zamoyo ndiponso nyengo ya padziko lonse. Kuno kulinso mbalame zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mbalame zinazake zokhala ngati zinziri, zomwe zimachititsa chidwi kwambiri zikamatomerana n’kumaimba tinyimbo tokopana. Kunyanjaku kumapezekanso kwambiri mtundu winawake wa abakha akunyanja monga amene ali patsamba 17.

Nyama imodzi yodziwika kwambiri ndi mphalapala inayake yotchuka, yomwe imatchedwa kuti mphalapala ya ku Barguzin. Nthawi inayake, mphalapala zimenezi zinatsala pang’ono kutheratu chifukwa anthu ankazisaka kwambiri pofuna ubweya wake, womwe ndi wokongola mochititsa kaso. Komabe, chifukwa cha ntchito ya anthu osamalira zachilengedwe, mphalapalazi zayambanso kuchulukana. Ntchito yofuna kuteteza nyama zokongolazi inachititsa kuti mu 1916 akhazikitse nkhalango ya zachilengedwe (yotchedwa Barguzin Nature Reserve) m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baikal. Tikunena pano, m’mphepete mwa nyanjayi muli nkhalango zitatu zachilengedwe zimene anthu saloledwa kupitako, ndi zinanso zitatu zimene anthu amaloledwa kupitako.

Kuganizira Nzeru Zozama Zam’chilengedwe

Nyanja ya Baikal ili m’gulu la malo amene bungwe la UNESCO limati ndi chuma cha padziko lonse, ndipo kunyanjayi kumabwera alendo ambiri odzaona malo. Chaka chilichonse alendo oposa 300,000 ochokera padziko lonse amafika kumeneku. Nkhani ina yonena za maulendo otere inati: “Panopo nyanja ya Baikal inasanduka malo amene anthu onse okonda kwambiri zachilengedwe amathamangirako ndipo ndi malo abwino kwambiri kuchitirako tchuthi ku Asia konse. Mungathe kuona mbalame zambirimbiri, komanso m’mphepete mwa nyanjayi muli malo abwino kwambiri osewererapo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyenda panyanjayi muli paboti kumasangalatsa kwambiri.”

Nyanja imeneyi ndi malo abwino kwambiri kupitako kuti mukasinkhesinkhe nzeru zosayerekezeka za Mulungu ndiponso kudabwitsa kwa chilengedwe chake. Ndi Mulungu yekha basi amene anapanga zonse zofunikira m’nyanja yodabwitsayi kuti muzikhala zamoyo zambiri chonchi. Mukakhala m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baikal, mungathe kuganizira za mawu a wolemba Baibulo wina amene ananena kuti: “Ha, kuchuluka kwa chuma cha Mulungu! Nzeru zake n’zozama ndipo kudziwa kwake zinthu n’kozamanso zedi!”—Aroma 11:33.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi pamasamba 16, 16]

IZI ZIMAKHALA M’NYANJA YOKHAYI YOMWENSO SI YAMCHERE

Nyanja ya Baikal ili ndi nyama zambirimbiri zokhala ngati mvuu (zotchedwa kuti nerpa, kapena Baikal seals). Chaka chonse, nyama zimenezi zimadya nsomba zopezeka pansi pa nyanja. Palibe amene akudziwa zimene zinachitika kuti nyama zimenezi zisamapezeke kwina kulikonse kupatulapo chigawo chimenechi, chomwe chili m’kati mwenimweni mwa Siberia. Nyama imene tingati ndi pachibale ndi nyamazi imapezeka pa mtunda wa makilomita 3,220 kuchokera ku Baikal.

Nyama zokhala ngati mvuu zimenezi zili ndi maso aakulu, omwe anakhala ofupikirana kwambiri pankhope yake yophwathalala, ndipo ndi nyama zazing’ono kwambiri padziko lonse za mtunduwu, chifukwa kukula kwake sikukwana n’komwe mita imodzi ndi theka. Nthawi zambiri zimaothera dzuwa zili gonee m’matanthwe ndipo sizimenyanamenyana, kapena kukankhanakankhana monga zimachitira nyama zina zamtundu umenewu. Inde, n’kutheka kuti nyama zimenezi ndi nyama zofatsa kwambiri pa nyama zonse zamtundu umenewu padziko lonse.

Wasayansi wina anati nyamazi “n’zofatsa kwambiri kuposa nyama zina zofanana nazo ndipo asayansi ofufuza nyamazi akazigwira m’maukonde, amatha kuzinyamula bwinobwino popanda kuwaluma.” Buku lina linatchulapo kuti anthu ena osambira pansi panyanja anapezapo nyamazi zikugona. Ndiyeno ananena kuti nyamazi sizinadzuke pamene anazigwira ngakhale kuzitembenuza.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Dr. Konstantin Mikhailov/Naturfoto-Online

 [Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 18]

KUNO KUNALI KU UKAPOLO

Kuyambira mu 1951 mpaka mu 1965, Mboni za Yehova zambiri zinaponyedwa ku ukapolo m’chigawo chozungulira nyanja ya Baikal, chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chawo. M’chaka cha 1951, mayi wotchedwa Praskovya Volosyanko anam’pititsa ku Olkhon, chomwe ndi chilumba chachikulu kwambiri panyanja ya Baikal. Iye, pamodzi ndi Amboni ena amenenso anaponyedwa kumeneku, ankapeza chakudya chawo popha nsomba ndi ukonde. Koma iyeyu anayamba “usodzi” wina pogwiritsira ntchito Baibulo lake kufalitsa uthenga wabwino wa Ufumu wa Mulungu kwa anthu ambiri okhala ku Olkhon.

Mu 1953, Praskovya pamodzi ndi Amboni ena 6 anamangidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yolalikirayi, ndipo anam’lamula kukhala m’ndende zaka 25. Atamasulidwa, anatumikirabe mokhulupirika mu mpingo wa Usol’ye-Sibirskoye, m’chigawo cha Irkutsk, mpaka pamene anamwalira mu 2005. Panopo, m’chigawo cha Baikal ndiponso mumzinda woyandikana ndi chigawochi wotchedwa Irkutsk, muli mipingo pafupifupi 30 ya Mboni za Yehova.

[Mapu patsamba 15]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

RUSSIA

Nyanja ya Baikal

[Chithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

Nyanja ya Baikal ndi mapiri a Sayan

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Eric Baccega/age fotostock

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Abakha

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Dr. Erhard Nerger/ Naturfoto-Online

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Dr. Konstantin Mikhailov/Naturfoto-Online

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 18]

© Eric Baccega/age fotostock; Boyd Norton/Evergreen Photo Alliance