Mfumu Imene Inachita Zazikulu

YOLEMBEDWA KU CAMEROON

MFUMU Ibrahim Njoya inali mfumu ya nambala 17 ya fuko lalikulu la anthu a kum’mwera kwa Cameroon, lotchedwa Bamum. Fukoli limakhala m’dera linalake laudzu wambiri. Iyeyu anali mfumu kuchokera mu 1889 mpaka imfa yake mu 1933, monga mmene ndandanda ya m’nkhani ino ikusonyezera. Ndandandayi ndi ya atsogoleri a fukoli kuyambira mu 1391 mpaka pano. Mu ulamuliro wa Njoya, Afalansa ndi Ajeremani ankayesa kulanda chigawochi kuti akhazikitse ulamuliro wautsamunda.

Kuyambira ali mwana, Njoya anali wanzeru komanso woganiza kwambiri ndipo ankasankhanso anthu anzeru okhaokha, omwe anali ndi zolinga zofanana ndi zake kuti akhale anzake ocheza nawo. Chinyumba chochititsa kaso chimene anamanga, chomwe chili pachithunzipa, chikusonyeza luso lake pa zomangamanga. Akuti iyeyu ndiyenso anatulukira makina ogayira chimanga, omwe ali pachithunzipa. Koma chinthu chachikulu kwambiri chimene amadziwika nacho ndicho njira imene anatulukira yolembera chinenero chawo chotchedwa Chibamamu.

Inathandiza Kuti Mbiri Yawo Ilembedwe

Cha kumapeto kwa m’ma 1800, mbiri ya Abamamu inkasungidwa m’nkhani zimene makolo amasimbira ana awo basi. Njoya anadziwa kuti posimba nkhanizi, n’zotheka kusatchula zinthu zina kapenanso kuwonjezera zinthu zina. Iye ankadziwa Chiarabu chifukwa anali ndi mabuku am’chinenerocho omwe anawapeza kwa amalonda am’dzikolo komanso odutsa m’dziko lakelo. N’kuthekanso kuti ankadziwa za kalembedwe kenakake kakale kotchedwa kuti Vai, komwe panthawiyo kankagwiritsidwa ntchito m’chigawo chawo chonsecho. Motero iyeyu anayamba kukonza njira yakeyake yolembera chinenero chawocho.

 Njoya anayamba ntchito imeneyi polemba zizindikiro zambirimbiri, ndipo zambiri mwa zizindikirozi zinali ngati zithunzi. Munthu amene akuphunzira kuwerenga mwa njira imeneyo ankayenera kuloweza tanthauzo la chizindikiro chilichonse. M’kupita kwa nthawi, iye anafewetsa njira ya kalembedweyi mothandizana ndi atumiki ake ena. Motero anachepetsa zizindikirozo pogwiritsira ntchito zilembo zopanda liwu (kapena kuti masilabulo). Pophatikiza zizindikiro kapena zilembo zingapo ankatha kulemba mawu amene akufuna. Motero owerenga sankafunikiranso kuchita kuloweza zilembo zambirimbiri ndi katchulidwe kake. Potsiriza pake, njira ya kalembedwe ya Njoya, yomwe inkatchedwa kuti A-ka-u-ku, inali ndi zilembo 70.

Njoya analimbikitsa anthu kugwiritsira ntchito kalembedweka poika lamulo loti kusukulu aziphunzitsa kalembedweka ndiponso kuti anthu onse ogwira ntchito zaboma azilemba choncho. Analamula kuti mbiri yonse ya ufumuwo ndiponso ya dziko lake zilembedwe pogwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe katsopanoka. Motero, kwa nthawi yoyamba, Abamamu anatha kuwerenga za chikhalidwe chawo, malamulo awo, ndiponso miyambo yawo. Njoya analamulanso kuti agwiritse ntchito kalembedweka polemba malangizo okhudza kakonzedwe ka mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Tikunena pano pa zinthu zakale zomwe zinasungidwa za m’nyumba ya mfumuyi, padakali zikalata zoposa 8,000 zomwe zinalembedwa panthawiyo.

Ubwino wa kalembedweka unaonekera atsamunda a ku Germany atangofika mu 1902. Ngakhale kuti Njoya anapindula kwambiri chifukwa cha chitukuko chimene atsamundawa anabweretsa pankhani ya zachuma, iye sankagwirizana nawo akuluakulu achijeremaniwo. Motero anagwiritsira ntchito kalembedwe kake katsopanoko, chifukwa Ajeremani anali asanakadziwe. Kodi kalembedwe ka Chibamamu kanagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali bwanji?

Pankhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse (kuyambira 1914 mpaka 1918), mphamvu zimene dziko la Germany linali nazo pa ufumu wa Njoya zinatha. M’kupita kwa nthawi, bungwe limene linali litangokhazikitsidwa panthawiyo, (lotchedwa League of Nations) linapereka mphamvu zolamulira ufumuwu ku dziko la France. Ngakhale kuti Njoya anali munthu wokonda kuphunzira zinthu zina, iye ankanyadira kwambiri njira ya kalembedwe yomwe anaphunzitsa anthu a ufumu wakewo ndipo ankafunitsitsa kuteteza ndi kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha anthu ake. Motero anatsutsa kuti atsamunda a ku France ayambe kulamulira ufumu wake. Chifukwa chosafuna kumvera atsamundawo, mu 1931 Afalansawo anamuchotsa pampando monga ankachitira ndi mafumu ena onse otero. Patatha zaka ziwiri Njoya anafa ali kunja kwa ufumuwo.

Afalansa analetsa zogwiritsira ntchito kalembedweka kusukulu ndipo popeza mwiniwake Njoya kunalibe, kalembedweka kanasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito moti Abamamu ambiri anakaiwala. Amishonale a matchalitchi osiyanasiyana atafika m’derali, anaphunzira kalankhulidwe ka Abamamu ndipo anakonza njira ya kalembedwe yoti iziphunzitsidwa kusukulu. Iwo sanachite zangati zimene Njoya anachita, chifukwa zinthu zambiri m’kalembedwe kawoko zinali zochita kutengera kalembedwe kamasiku anoka, komwe kanayambira ku Rome.

Posachedwapa, akhala akuyesa kuyambitsanso kalembedwe ka Chibamamu. Mfumu imene ilipo panopo, dzina lake Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya, yatsegula sukulu mu nyumba imene agogo ake anamanga. Pasukuluyi ana anayambanso kuphunzira kalembedwe kameneka pofuna kuti kasadzaiwalike.

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Pamenepa alembapo mafumu onse amene alamulirapo ufumu wa Bamamu kuchokera mu 1300 mpaka pano, ndipo m’danga la kumanjalo alemba zimenezi m’Chibamamu

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 26]

All photos: Courtesy and permission of Sultan Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya, Foumban, Cameroon