Kubwera kwa Matchalitchi ku Tahiti

YOLEMBEDWA KU TAHITI

KUMAPETO kwa zaka za m’ma 1700, anthu ankhaninkhani ku Ulaya anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi ntchito yofalitsa uthenga wabwino. Ku Britain,William Carey, amene anadzakhala mmishonale, analimbikitsa Apolotesitanti kuti akafalitse uthenga wabwino ku madera amene anali asanalandire uthengawo, monga ku Tahiti. Carey anakhudzidwa mtima kwambiri ndi lamulo limene Yesu anapereka kwa otsatira ake, lakuti apange ophunzira mwa anthu a mitundu yonse. (Mateyo 28:19, 20) Komanso mu 1802, Akatolika analimbikitsidwa kuti akhale amishonale achangu m’buku limene anthu anagula kwambiri lotchedwa Le Génie du christianisme (Luso la Chikhristu) lolembedwa ndi Mfalansa wina, dzina lake François-Auguste-René de Chateaubriand.

Posapita nthawi, magulu ndi mabungwe oona za amishonale achikatolika ndi achipolotesitanti anakhazikitsidwa. Mu 1797, bungwe la London Missionary Society linatumiza amishonale 29 ku Tahiti. Mu 1841, gulu la Akatolika a chipani cha Abambo a Picpus linafika ku Tahiti, ndipo patadutsa zaka zitatu, a Tchalitchi cha Mormon anafikanso. Komabe patangopita nthawi yochepa chabe, ambiri mwa anthu obwerawa anaiwala ntchito yawo yaikulu yauzimu n’kulowerera ndale ndi malonda. Kodi chinachitika n’chiyani kuti aiwale ntchito imene anabwerera?

Anagwirizana ndi a Ariʽi

Poyamba, anthu sanachite chidwi ndi ziphunzitso za amishonale achipolotesitanti. Wolemba mabuku wina ananena kuti “iwo ankaphunzitsa kwambiri za moto wa helo ndi kuzunzika kwa anthu, osati za chifundo ndi kukonda anansi.” Komanso alalikiwo posapita nthawi, anazindikira kuti anthu sakanayamba kubatizidwa kukhala Akhristu asanabatizidwe a ariʽi, kapena kuti mafumu awo, amenenso ankatsogolera pa chipembedzo cha makolo. Choncho amishonalewo anaona kuti ndi bwino kuyamba ndi mafumuwo.

Mmodzi mwa mafumuwa, dzina lake Pomare Wachiwiri, analandira amishonalewo poganiza kuti iwo atha kumuthandiza pa zachuma ndi zankhondo. Nawonso amishonalewo anaona kuti Pomare angathe kuwathandiza kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. Ndipotu kuyambira kale, amishonalewa analiko ndi mphamvu ndithu chifukwa anali amkhalapakati pa malonda a pakati pa Atahiti ndi amalinyero amene ankabwera kudzagula zinthu.

Pokhulupirira kuti amishonalewo angamuthandize kukwaniritsa zolinga zake zandale komanso kugula zida zankhondo zimene ankafuna, Pomare anachita chidwi ndi uthenga wawo, ndipo mwamsanga mu 1811, iye anapempha kuti abatizidwe. Chaka chotsatira iye anachita kulemba kalata yopempha ubatizo. Komabe kwa zaka 8, amishonalewo ankakana pempho lakelo. Iwo anaganiza kuti ndi bwino kumuona kaye ngati angatsatiredi mfundo za m’Baibulo za makhalidwe abwino.

Komabe panthawiyi, Pomare anakhala mfumu yamphamvu kwambiri ya chilumba cha Tahiti ndi zilumba zina zapafupi, zotchedwa Society Islands. Kenako, anapemphanso kuti abatizidwe. Pamapeto pake mu 1819, amishonalewo analola.

Zimenezi zitangochitika, sipanapite nthawi ndipo pa zaka pafupifupi zisanu zokha, anthu onse a ku zilumba za Society Islands, zilumba za kumadzulo za Tuamotu Archipelago, ndi theka la zilumba za Austral Islands, anayamba kunena kuti ndi Akhristu.

 Malamulo a Pomare

Popeza kuti zinaoneka ngati anthu onse akuzilumbazi atembenuka, panafunika mfundo, miyambo ndi malamulo atsopano. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, Pomare anadalira amishonalewo. Pajatu kuyambira kale, iwowa ankafuna kusintha miyambo ya makolo ya anthuwo ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zimene mfumu inali nazo. Choncho amishonalewo sanachedwe kuvomereza pempho la Pomare ndipo anakhazikitsa malamulo amene, malinga ndi kunena kwa buku lina, anaphatikiza “mfundo za m’malamulo a Britain, za m’malemba ndi miyambo ya mayiko achikhristu.” Malamulowo ataunikidwa mobwerezabwereza, mfumuyo inalola kuti akhale malamulo oyamba kulembedwa oyendetsera boma la Tahiti, ndipo anatchedwa kuti Malamulo a Pomare.

Malamulo a Pomare anakhala chitsanzo ku zilumba zapafupi, kumene anakhazikitsanso malamulo ofanana ndi a Pomare. Malamulowo ananena kuti zivute zitani, anthu afunika kusunga Sabata. Ananenanso zilango zoyenera kuperekedwa pa milandu monga ya chigololo, mitala, kuba, ndi kupanduka. Komanso analamula chilango cha imfa kwa munthu wopha mnzake kapena wopha khanda. Analetsanso zosangalatsa zonse zolaula.

Analowerera Ndale

Buku lina limanena kuti amishonale achipolotesitanti “analowerera kwambiri ndale za pachilumbachi. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito yawo yofalitsa uthenga wabwino, iwo anakhala alangizi pa zankhondo, zachuma, anamatetule pa zandale, ndipo anakhala akatswiri a zamalamulo komanso opanga malamulo oyendetsera dziko.” (Where the Waves Fall) Nawonso amishonale achikatolika ndi a mpingo wa Mormon anatenga udindo woyendetsa ntchito za boma ndi ndale kuzilumba zimene anapitako. Pachilumba cha Tubuai ku Austral Islands, mmishonale wa mpingo wa Mormon anati: “Tchalitchi n’chimene chikuyendetsa boma. . . . Ndipo ineyo ndine nduna yaikulu pachilumbachi.” Kuzilumba za Gambier Islands, Akatolika analinso ndi mphamvu, motero kuti wansembe wina anali nduna ya boma.

M’malo mongoyang’ana ntchito yawo yaikulu yothandiza anthu mwauzimu, amishonalewo “anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndale pofuna kufalitsa uthenga,” anatero katswiri wa mbiri yakale, Claire Laux. Iwo anaona kuti imeneyi ndi njira yachidule yokwaniritsira zolinga zawo. Mwa kuchita zimenezi, amishonalewo sanatsatire malangizo amene anapereka akuluakulu a matchalitchi awo. Ndipo mpaka pano, chipembedzo ndi ndale n’zogwirizana kwambiri ku French Polynesia.

Anayambanso Malonda

Amishonale ena, “ndale zinawapatsa mwayi wotukula malonda awo,” anatero Pulofesa Niel Gunson wa pa Yunivesite ya Canberra ku Australia. Amishonale ambiri anayamba malonda monga kugulitsa katundu, kuchititsa mahayala, ngakhale kupanga sitima zazikulu zamalonda za pamadzi. Ena anali ndi minda yaikulu ya khofi, thonje, mzimbe, fodya ndi mbewu zinazake za m’gulu la chinangwa.

Malonda a amishonalewa anatukuka n’kukhazikika motero kuti kwa zaka 25, amishonalewo ndiwo ankayendetsa malonda a pakati pa Australia ndi Tahiti, makamaka a nyama ya nkhumba yowamba yomwe ankapaka mchere ndiponso malonda a mafuta a kokonati. Komabe, ena a iwo anayamba kuda nkhawa ndi zimenezi ndipo anapempha bungwe la London Missionary Society kuti lilowererepo. Ena ankaganiza kuti malonda anali kuthandiza pa ntchito zachipembedzo. N’chifukwa chiyani ankaganiza choncho?

Kungoyambira pamene amishonalewo anafika ku zilumbazi, iwo anagwiritsa ntchito luso lawo lopanga zinthu komanso zinthu zimene ankapangazo kukopa anthu akuzilumbazi. Pokhulupirira kuti “akatukula” moyo wa anthu, anthuwo adzakhala osangalala, amishonalewo analimbikitsa anthu kugwira ntchito molimbika komanso kukhala ndi chuma, ndipo ankanena kuti kukhala  ndi chuma ndi umboni wakuti Mulungu wakudalitsa.

Kodi Anthuwo Anatembenukadi?

Katswiri wina wa mbiri ya bungwe la London Missionary Society analemba kuti ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri kuzilumbazi anatembenuka mwamsanga, “sikuti anatembenuka pofuna kusiya makhalidwe oipa n’kuyamba kupembedza moona kapenanso kuyeretsa mitima yawo.” Gunson ananena kuti anthu a ku Tahiti anatembenuka “chabe chifukwa chakuti ndi zimene Pomare Wachiwiri anafuna, poona moyo umene amishonale a ku Mangalande anali nawo chifukwa cha chipembedzo chawo (osati zikhulupiriro zawo).”

Anthu ambiri a ku Tahiti anakhala Akhristu dzina lokha, ndipo patangopita zaka zochepa, chikunja chinayambiranso ndi kagulu kachipembedzo kotchedwa Mamaia. Chipembedzo cha Mamaia chinkasakaniza Chikhristu ndi miyambo ya makolo ndipo chinali kulimbikitsa makhalidwe otayirira. Komabe, mfumukazi ya kumeneku inalowa chipembedzochi.

Panali mikangano pakati pa mipingo yachipolotesitanti monga wa Angilikani, Calvin, ndi Methodist. Komanso panali udani waukulu pakati pa Apolotesitanti ndi Akatolika. Buku lina limati: “Anthu a kuzilumbazi sankaona kusiyana kulikonse pa ziphunzitso za mipingoyi, choncho sankamvetsa chifukwa chake panali mikangano yoopsa pakati pa anthu amene anali kunena kuti ndi abale.” (The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders) Mwachitsanzo, amishonale awiri achikatolika atafika ku Tahiti, anawabweza nthawi yomweyo m’mishonale wakale wachipolotesitanti yemwe anali wotchuka kwambiri atalamula kuti achoke. Zimenezi zinasokoneza kwambiri ubale waukazembe pakati pa dziko la Britain ndi France, moti anangotsala pang’ono kumenyana. Mapeto ake, dziko la Britain linagonjera zofuna za dziko la France zakuti liziteteza zilumba za Tahiti.

Zabwino Zimene Anachita

Pali zinthu zabwino zimene amishonale oyambirirawa anachita. Ena anachita khama kuthandiza anthu kudziwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba, ndiponso anathandiza kuthetsa mchitidwe wopha makanda, kudya anthu, ndi kupereka anthu nsembe. Ngakhale kuti amishonale ena anali okhwimitsa zinthu kwambiri, anayesetsabe kuthandiza anthu kuzilumbazi kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Ntchito yaikulu kwambiri imene amishonalewa anachita ndiyo kumasulira Baibulo la Chitahiti. Ndipo mwa kuchita zimenezi, anathandiza anthuwa kudziwa dzina la Mulungu, limene mpaka pano ndi lodziwika bwino kwambiri kuzilumbazi. *—Salmo 83:18.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 15]

“Simuli Mbali ya Dzikoli”

Mawu amenewa analankhulidwa ndi Yesu Khristu, ndipo otsatira ake amayendera mfundo imeneyi. (Yohane 15:19) Ndipotu mfundo imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri mwakuti ponena za ophunzira ake, Yesu anapemphera kwa Mulungu kuti: “Iwo sali mbali ya dziko, monganso ine sindili mbali ya dziko.” (Yohane 17:16) N’chifukwa chake Yesu sanalowerere ndale, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ndalezo kuti apeze ophunzira. Ndiponso iye anakana kukhala ndi mtima wofunafuna chuma, womwenso ndi mzimu wa dzikoli. M’malomwake, iye analimbikitsa anthu kukhala ndi moyo wosafuna zambiri ndiponso kukundika chuma chauzimu. (Mateyo 6:22-24, 33, 34) Otsatira ake oona amatengera chitsanzo chake.

[Chithunzi patsamba 13]

Akulandira amishonale oyambirira mu 1797

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

The Granger Collection, New York

[Chithunzi patsamba 14]

Mmishonale ndi Atahiti otembenuka, cha mu 1845

[Chithunzi patsamba 14]

Mfumu Pomare Wachiwiri

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Tahiti ndi likulu lake la Papeete

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Photo courtesy of Tahiti Tourisme

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 14]

Left: Photo by Henry Guttmann/Getty Images; right: Collection du Musée de Tahiti et de ses Îles, Punaauia, Tahiti