Kodi Maloboti Afika Pati?

YOLEMBEDWA KU JAPAN

MALOBOTI. Kodi mumaganiza chiyani mukamva mawu amenewa? Anthu ena amaona maloboti ngati mabwenzi othandiza pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ena amachita mantha akaganiza za maloboti. Iwo amaona kuti maloboti ndi makina anzeru kwambiri moti m’tsogolo, nzeru zawo zikhoza kudzaposa nzeru za anthu. Komanso anthu ena ambiri amaona kuti maloboti si zinthu zenizeni, yangokhala sayansi basi.

Kodi masiku ano zinthu zili bwanji? Malinga ndi ziwerengero za pa kafukufuku amene bungwe la International Federation of Robotics linachita mu 2006, pali maloboti pafupifupi 1 miliyoni amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mafakitale padziko lonse, ndipo pafupifupi theka ali ku Asia. N’chifukwa chiyani maloboti achuluka chonchi?

Zimene Maloboti Akuchita

Kodi munayamba mwaganizapo za munthu yemwe sachoka pa ntchito, sadandaula, ndipo amagwira ntchito mosapuma usana ndi usiku, Lolemba mpaka Lamlungu? Izi ndi zimene maloboti opanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga galimoto, zamagetsi ndi katundu wa m’nyumba, amachita. Maloboti amachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi dzina lawo, lomwe linachokera ku mawu a mu Chitcheki akuti robota, kutanthauza “ntchito yaukapolo.” Akuti m’chaka cha 2005, m’mafakitale opanga galimoto munali loboti imodzi pa anthu 10 alionse ogwira ntchito.

Koma sikuti maloboti amangogwira ntchito m’mafakitale mokha. Panopa maloboti amatha kuzindikira mawu a munthu, ali ndi zipangizo zowathandiza kukhazikika, njira zotumizira mauthenga, njira yodziwira pamene pali zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito setilaiti, ndiponso zipangizo zosiyanasiyana monga zoyezera kutentha, kulemera, phokoso loti sitingathe kulimva, makemikolo ndi mphamvu zotuluka m’zinthu zanyukiliya. Popeza maloboti ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri ndipo angathe kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, malobotiwa akugwira ntchito zimene m’mbuyomu zinali zosatheka. Taonani zitsanzo zotsatirazi.

▪ Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana. Pachipatala china ku Great Britain, loboti yokhala ndi manja ongoikirira imagwira ntchito kuchipinda choperekera mankhwala. Imatenga mankhwala m’malo ena n’kukapereka kwa wodwala m’masekondi ochepa. Ku United States, dipatimenti ya zamtengatenga ili ndi maloboti ambiri amene amalekanitsa mapaselo, kuwanyamula, ndi kuwapakira. Maloboti okhala ndi manja ooneka ngati njoka amatha kulowa m’malo ochepa monga mkati mwa phiko la ndege, kukafufuza chomwe chavuta kapena kukonza.

 ▪ Maloboti Ocheza Nawo. M’nyumba yosungirako okalamba ndi odwala ku Japan, okalamba amasinthanasinthana kusisita loboti yokongola yokhala ndi ubweya, yooneka ngati mwana wa katumbu. Lobotiyi imazindikira kukhudza, kuwala, phokoso, kusintha kwa temperecha, ngakhale mmene lobotiyo yagwiridwira. Imatha kuchita zinthu ngati nyama yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, akaigwira imatha kulira, kuphethira, ndi kuvinitsa zipsepse zake. Akuti loboti imeneyi imathandiza okalambawo kukhala ndi wocheza naye ndipo achipatala amaigwiritsa ntchito ngati mtundu wina wa mankhwala.

▪ Kuchipatala. Loboti yokhala ndi manja atatu amaiimika pafupi ndi wodwala. Ndipo chapafupi, pamakhala dokotala wa opaleshoni yemwe amayang’ana poonera m’makina aakulu kuti aone mtima wa wodwalayo. Dokotalayo amayendetsa manja a lobotiyo pamene ikung’amba ndi kusoka mtima pofuna kukonza mtsempha wake. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti pochita opaleshoni, dokotala asang’ambe kwambiri popeza kuti lobotiyo imangopita pamene pali vutopo. Motero, wodwalayo samva ululu kwambiri, sataya magazi ambiri, ndipo amachira msanga.

▪ M’nyumba. Kungotabwanya batani, loboti yooneka ngati mbale imayamba ntchito yosesa m’nyumba. Lobotiyo imasesa mozungulira malo opanda katundu mpaka kukhoma. Imatsatira khomalo, ndipo m’kupita kwa nthawi imadziwa mmene chipindacho chilili. Imadziwa mmene muli masitepe n’kupewamo. Ikamaliza, imasiya yokha n’kubwerera pa malo ake otchajila. Pali maloboti oposa 2 miliyoni amtundu umenewu.

 ▪ Kuthambo. Loboti yokhala ndi matayala 6 yotchedwa Spirit imayenda pa pulaneti ya Mars. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zipangizo zasayansi zomwe anazimangirira ku dzanja lake, lobotiyi imapima dothi ndi miyala papulanetili. Pogwiritsa ntchito makamera ake, lobotiyi yajambula zithunzi za pulaneti ya Mars zopitirira 88,500, zina zoonetsa mayenje, mitambo, chimphepo chafumbi, kulowa kwa dzuwa, ndiponso mmene papulanetili pamaonekera. Loboti imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa maloboti amene ali ku Mars panopa.

▪ Ntchito Yofufuza ndi Kupulumutsa Anthu. Nyumba ziwiri zosanja zitagwa kulikulu la malonda padziko lonse la World Trade Center, panali zitsulo zopindikapindika zotentha koopsa, ndi konkire yosweka itaunjikanaunjikana. Pofuna kufufuza ndi kupulumutsa anthu, maloboti 17 aakulu ngati mpira analowa pansi, n’kuyamba ntchito yofufuza. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, maloboti otsogola kwambiri, ngati imene ili m’munsiyi, apangidwa.

▪ Pansi pa Nyanja. Asayansi akugwiritsa ntchito makina oyenda okha pansi pa nyanja pofufuza mbali zina zimene mpaka pano sanafikeko. Maloboti amenewa amakhala opanda anthu ndipo amadzipangira okha mphamvu zoyendera. Ntchito zina zimene malobotiwa amatha kuchita pansi pa nyanja ndizo kufufuza zinthu n’kuzipititsa ku mtunda, kufufuza mawaya a telefoni, kutsatira anamgumi ndi kuchotsa mabomba otcheredwa m’nyanja.

 Kodi Maloboti Angafanane ndi Anthu?

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu akhala akulakalaka kupanga loboti yokhala ngati munthu. Koma zimenezi zakhala zovuta kwambiri. Magazini ya Business Week inati: “Ntchito yopanga makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri, nyumba zosanja zitalizitali, kapena yopanga mizinda yathunthu, ndi yovuta. Koma kuvuta kwake sikungapose ntchito yoyesa kupanga makina ochita zinthu ngati munthu, otha kuona, kununkhiza, kumva, kukhudza zinthu, ndiponso okhala ndi nzeru ngati za munthu.”

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za ntchito yooneka ngati yosavuta yopanga loboti yotha kuyenda ngati munthu. Mainjiniya a ku Japan anapanga loboti yapamwamba yotero mu September 1997. Koma kuti achite zimenezi, anatenga nthawi yaitali mpaka zaka 11, ndipo anavutika ndi kufufuza komanso anawononga ndalama mamiliyoni ankhaninkhani. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, papangidwa maloboti amene amatha kukwera masitepe, kuthamanga, kuvina, kunyamula zinthu pambale, kukankha ngolo, ngakhale kudzuka okha akagwa.

Kodi M’tsogolo, Maloboti Adzafika Pati?

Kodi maloboti adzagwira ntchito zotani m’tsogolo? Panopa, bungwe la ku United States la National Aeronautics and Space Administration likupanga loboti yokhala ngati munthu, yomwe ingathe kugwira ntchito zoopsa kwambiri kuthambo. Bill Gates, yemwe ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino pa zamakompyuta, ananena kuti zikuoneka kuti “maloboti azidzagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yosamalira okalamba ngakhalenso kumacheza nawo.”

Lipoti la boma ku Japan linanenanso zofanana ndi zimenezi. Lipotili linati pofika chaka cha 2025, maloboti azidzakhala pamodzi ndi anthu ndi kugwira ntchito yosamalira odwala ndi okalamba, kulera ana ndi kugwira ntchito zapakhomo. Pofika 2050, akatswiriwo akukhulupirira kuti padzakhala timu ya mpira ya maloboti okhaokha imene idzagonjetsa timu ya mpira ya anthu. Ndiponso akukhulupirira kuti pakadzangopitanso zaka zochepa chabe, adzapanga makina anzeru kwambiri kuposa ubongo wa munthu.

Ngakhale kuti akatswiriwo akulonjeza zimenezi molimba mtima chonchi, anthu ena sakukhulupirira kuti zimenezi zingatheke. Pofotokoza za kuvuta kwake, katswiri wa sayansi yopanga makina ogwira ntchito mwanzeru ngati anthu, Jordan B. Pollack, anati: “Kunena zoona, anthufe tikuderera kwambiri mfundo yakuti zamoyo zinapangidwa modabwitsa.”

Sitikudziwa kuti maloboti adzafika pati m’tsogolomu. Koma chimene tikudziwa n’chakuti: Ndi anthu okha amene amatha kuchita zinthu mwachikondi, mwanzeru, mwachilungamo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moganiza bwino, ndipo zidzatero mpaka muyaya. Tikutero chifukwa chakuti Baibulo limanena momveka bwino kuti mosiyana ndi zamoyo zina, munthu yekha ndi amene analengedwa m’chifanizo cha Mulungu. (Genesis 1:27) Anthu si makina ongochita zinthu popanda kulingalira. Iwo ali ndi ufulu wosankha, ali ndi chikumbumtima ndipo amatha kupembedza Mulungu. Ndiyetu mfundo imeneyi iyenera kutilimbikitsa kuyandikira kwambiri kwa Mlengi wathu, Yehova Mulungu.—Yakobe 4:8.

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Courtesy Aaron Edsinger

Courtesy OC Robotics

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Courtesy AIST

© 2008 Intuitive Surgical, Inc.

Courtesy iRobot Corp.

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Top: NASA/JPL-Solar System Visualization Team; left: NASA/JPL/Cornell University

© The RoboCup Federation

Greg McFall/NOAA/Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary

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© 2007 American Honda Motor Co., Inc.