N’chifukwa Chiyani Nsomba Zikusowa?

“N’zoona kuti kale nsomba zinkasowa nthawi zina, koma osati mmene zikusowera masiku ano. Nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zazing’onozing’ono ndi zazikuluzikulu zomwe, zayamba kutha.”—Anatero George wa zaka 65, msodzi wina wa ku England.

MOFANANA ndi George, palinso anthu ambiri amene akuda nkhawa poona kuti nsomba zikutha ngakhale m’nyanja zikuluzikulu zonse. Agustín wa ku Peru, amayendetsa sitima yophera nsomba ya matani 350. Iye anati: “Nsomba zimene amaika m’chitini zinayamba kusowa zaka 12 zapitazo. Ku Peru kunkakhala nsomba zambiri chaka chonse, koma masiku ano timatha miyezi yambiri osapha nsomba. Poyamba nsomba sizinkakhala patali kwenikweni, mwina mtunda wosapitirira n’komwe makilomita 25, koma masiku ano timayenda mtunda wokwana makilomita 300 kuti tikaphe nsomba.”

Antonio amene amakhala ku Galicia, m’dziko la Spain anati: “Ndakhala ndikupha nsomba zaka zoposa 20. Ndipo ndaona nsomba zikutha pang’onopang’ono. Tikupha nsomba mosakaza kwambiri moti sizikhala ndi mpata woswana.”

N’zovuta kuona pachithunzi kuti nsomba zikutha m’nyanja monga momwe tingaonere kuti mitengo ikutha m’nkhalango. Koma vutoli lilipodi. Posachedwapa bungwe la United Nations loona za chakudya ndi ulimi linachenjeza pankhani yopha nsomba mosakaza. Bungweli linati: “Vutoli ndi lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa nsomba zatha kapena zachepa kwambiri m’malo ambiri amene anthu ankaphako nsomba.”

Anthu 20 pa anthu 100 alionse padziko pano akati adya chankhuli amanena nsomba. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ngati nsomba zitatha anthu adzasowa chakudya chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wawo. Nsomba zimapezeka kwambiri m’mbali mwa nyanja momwe mumakhala zakudya za nsomba, osati paliponse ayi. Ndipotu mbali yaikulu ya nyanja zikuluzikulu ili ngati chipululu chifukwa simukhala chamoyo chilichonse. Masiku ano, zochita za asodzi zikuwononga nsomba  zimene amadalira pamoyo wawo. Kodi zimenezi zikuchitika bwanji? Mbiri ya zimene asodzi anachita pamalo amodzi ophera nsomba zingatithandize kupeza mayankho.

Kupha Nsomba Mosakaza pa Doko la Grand Banks

Munthu wina wofufuza malo wa ku Italy, dzina lake John Cabot, * anatulukira doko la Grand Banks akudutsa m’nyanja ya Atlantic pochoka ku England. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo anthu ambiri anayamba kusamukira ku dokoli. Iye anatulukira dokoli patangopita zaka zisanu zokha Christopher Columbus atayenda ulendo wake wotchuka wa mu 1492. Dokoli lili pamalo osaya, kufupi ndi dziko la Canada. Pasanapite nthawi, asodzi ambiri anayamba kukapha nsomba m’nyanja ya Atlantic, padoko la Grand Banks. Palibe munthu aliyense wa ku Ulaya amene anaonapo nsomba zazikuluzikulu zitadzadzana kwambiri choncho m’nyanja.

Nsomba zikuluzikuluzi zinkayenda malonda kwambiri. Anthu ambiri ankazikonda chifukwa m’nofu wake ndi woyera komanso sizikhala ndi mafuta ochuluka monyanyira. Ndipotu anthu padziko lonse akuzikondabe kwambiri nsombazi. Kawirikawiri nsomba zoterezi za m’nyanja ya Atlantic zimalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka ndipo zina zimatha kulemera mpaka makilogalamu 9. Koma za padoko la Grand Banks zimakhala zazikulu ngati munthu. Patapita nthawi, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde okokedwa ndi boti komanso zingwe zazitali zokhala ndi mbedza zambirimbiri ndipo ankapha nsomba zambiri.

Vuto Lopha Nsomba ndi Zipangizo Zamakono

Cha m’ma 1800, anthu ena a ku Ulaya anayamba kuda nkhawa kuti nsomba zikuchepa, makamaka mtundu winawake wa nsomba zofanana ndi matemba. Koma Thomas Huxley, yemwe anali pulezidenti wa bungwe la British Royal Society, ananena mawu otsatirawa pachionetsero cha padziko lonse cha zausodzi chimene chinachitikira ku London mu 1883. Iye anati: “M’nyanja muli nsomba zambiri moti zimene timapha n’zochepa kwambiri . . . Choncho ndikukhulupirira kuti nsomba zazikuluzikuluzi . . . ndiponso mwina nsomba zonse za m’nyanja zikuluzikulu sizidzatha.”

Anthu ambiri ankakhulupirirabe zimene mkuluyu ananena ngakhale pamene anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito sitima za malasha popha nsomba pa doko la Grand Banks. Anthu anayamba kukonda kwambiri nsomba zazikuluzikuluzi makamaka kuyambira m’chaka cha 1925 pamene Clarence Birdseye wa ku Massachusetts m’dziko la America, anapeza njira yachangu yoziziritsira nsomba kuti zisawole. Atayamba kugwiritsa ntchito sitima za dizilo zokhala ndi maukonde, asodzi anayamba kugwira nsomba zambiri. Koma kenako panabweranso njira ina yophera nsomba zambiri.

Mu 1951 pa doko la Grand Banks panabwera sitima yachilendo yophera nsomba yochokera ku Britain. Sitimayi inali yaitali mamita 85 ndipo ikanyamula katundu inkalemera matani 2,600. Imeneyi inali sitima yoyamba yokhala ndi makina oziziritsira nsomba. Kumbuyo kwa sitimayi kunali zingwe zomwe zinkakoka ukonde waukulu. Inalinso ndi malo amene kunali makina ochotsera minga. Sitimayi imatha kugwira nsomba zambiri usana ndi usiku womwe, chifukwa inali ndi zipangizo zofufuzira malo amene pali nsomba zambiri.

Mayiko ambiri anaona kuti njira yophera nsomba imeneyi akhoza kupanga nayo ndalama zambiri. Choncho, pasanapite nthawi sitima zambiri za mtundu umenewu zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, moti ankapha nsomba zambiri zokwana matani 200 pa ola limodzi. Sitima zina zinali za matani 8,000 ndipo  zinali ndi ukonde waukulu kwabasi wotha kukuta ndege yaikulu kwambiri.

Nsombazi Sizipezekanso

Buku lina linati: “Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1970, anthu ambiri ankakhulupirirabe kuti m’nyanja muli nsomba zambiri moti sizingathe.” Ndipo cha m’ma 1980, sitima zikuluzikulu zambiri zophera nsomba zinakapha nsomba ku doko la Grand Banks. Asayansi anachenjeza kuti nsomba zazikuluzikuluzi zatsala pang’ono kutha. Koma panthawiyi anthu ambiri anali asodzi ndipo posafuna kuwakhumudwitsa, atsogoleri andale sankafuna kuika malamulo oletsa anthuwa kupha nsomba. Kenako, mu 1992 asayansi ananena kuti pa zaka 30 zokha nsomba zazikuluzikuluzi zinali zitasiya kupezeka. Ndipo analetsa kupha nsombazi pa dokoli. Koma munali m’mbuyo mwa alendo. Nsombazi zinali zitatha kale padokoli, lomwe ndi limodzi mwa madoko omwe anali ndi nsomba zambiri padziko lonse. Izi zachitika m’zaka 500 zokha kuchokera pamene analitulukira.—Ocean’s End.

Asodzi ankakhulupirira kuti nsombazi ziyambanso kupezeka. Koma nsomba za mtundu umenewu zimatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zoposa 20 ndipo sizikula msanga. Kuyambira mu 1992, zimene anthu amaganizazo sizinachitikebe mpaka pano.

Vuto la Kusowa kwa Nsomba ndi Lapadziko Lonse

Zimene zinachitika ku doko la Grand Banks ndi chitsanzo cha vuto lapadziko lonse limene lilipo chifukwa chopha nsomba mosakaza. Mu 2002, nduna yoona zachilengedwe ya ku Britain inanena kuti “nsomba sizikupezekanso m’malo ambiri amene kale zinkapezekamo.” Zina mwa nsomba zimenezi ndi monga shaki ndi tuna.

Mayiko ambiri olemera, ayamba kupha nsomba m’madera akutalikutali chifukwa m’madoko akwawo anamalizamo nsomba zonse. Mwachitsanzo, ena mwa malo amene ali ndi nsomba zambiri ndi magombe a ku Africa. Ndipo chifukwa chofuna ndalama zoyendetsera mayiko awo, atsogoleri ambiri a ku Africa sakaniza anthu a m’mayiko akunja kudzapha nsomba. Choncho sizodabwitsa kuti anthu a m’mayiko amenewa amadandaula kuti nsomba zikutha m’mayiko awo.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Akupitiriza Kupha Nsomba Mosakaza?

Anthu ongoona angaganize kuti vutoli ndi lophweka kulithetsa chifukwa m’pongofunika kuletsa anthu kupha nsomba mosakaza. Koma sichoncho ayi. Kuti ayambe malonda opha nsomba pamafunika ndalama zambiri zogulira zipangizo. Motero chifukwa chakuti msodzi aliyense amakhala atawononga kale ndalama zake, palibe amene amafuna kusiya kusodza. Komanso, nthawi zambiri boma limapereka ndalama zambiri zothandiza pantchito ya usodzi, choncho zimenezi zimawonjezera vutoli. Magazini ina inati: “Mayiko ambiri amaona kuti mfundo zimene anagwirizana [ku United Nations] zokhudza kusamala nsomba, n’zofunika kuti mayiko ena azizitsatira, osati iwowo.”—Issues in Science and Technology.

Vutoli likuwonjezerekanso chifukwa cha anthu amene amachita masewera opha nsomba. Pa za kafukufuku amene anachitika ku United States, magazini ina inati: “Anthu ochita masewera opha nsomba ndi amene anatha nsomba zambiri kudera la Gulf of Mexico.” Popeza anthu ochita masewera opha nsomba komanso asodzi alipo ambiri, andale amaika malamulo okomera anthuwa n’cholinga choti aziwakonda. Ichi n’chifukwa chake malamulowa sakhala othandiza.—New Scientist.

Ndiyeno kodi n’zothekadi kuteteza malo amene ali ndi nsomba zambiri padziko lonse? Boyce Thorne-Miller analemba m’buku lake kuti: “Palibe chimene chingateteze nsomba za m’nyanja pokhapokha anthu atasintha kaganizidwe kawo.” (The Living Ocean) Zosangalatsa n’zakuti Mlengi wathu, Yehova Mulungu, wakhazikitsa Ufumu umene udzaonetsetse kuti dziko lonse ndi lotetezeka.—Danieli 2:44; Mateyo 6:10.

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Anthu asakaza nsomba m’nyanja, ngati mmene asakazira nkhalango

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“Nsomba zatha kapena zachepa kwambiri m’malo ambiri amene anthu ankaphako nsomba.”​—Bungwe la United Nations Loona za Chakudya ndi Ulimi

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Anthu 20 pa anthu 100 alionse padziko pano akati adya chankhuli amanena nsomba

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Cambodia

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Kupha nsomba za malonda ku Alaska

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Democratic Republic of Congo

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