Zimatheka Bwanji Kuphunzitsa Njovu?

YOLEMBEDWA KU INDIA

BUKU lina limafotokoza za nkhani yochititsa chidwi yokhudza munthu wina amene anali ndi njovu. Munthuyu atafika pamtsinje wotchedwa Narmada, analamula njovuyo kuti igone pansi ndipo anakhazika mwana wake pakati pa chitamba ndi miyendo ya kutsogolo ya njovuyo. Kenako iye akuphika chakudya chapomwepo, mwanayo anayesetsa kwambiri kuchoka pamene anagonapo, koma njovuyo inkamubwezeretsa mosamala ndi chitamba chake. Bambo a mwanayo ankangophika ali duu podziwa kuti mwana wake akusamalidwa.—Project Elephant.

Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njovu kuyambira kale kwambiri, mwina cha m’ma 2000 B.C.E. Kalelo njovu ankazigwiritsira ntchito kwambiri pankhondo. Koma masiku ano ku India amazigwiritsa ntchito zina. Mwachitsanzo, zimagwira ntchito pamwambo wachipembedzo kapena ukwati, pantchito yonyamula mitengo, poitanira malonda, pamasewera ndiponso popemphetsa. Kodi njovuzi amaziphunzitsa bwanji?

Kuphunzitsa Njovu

Ku India kuli malo ambiri ophunzitsira ana a njovu omwe anatoledwa, anasiyidwa okha kapena amene anavulazidwa m’tchire. Malo amodzi otere ali ku Koni, mu mzinda wa Kerala. Pamalo amenewa, ana a njovuwo amaphunzitsidwa kugwira ntchito. Choyamba pamafunika kuti wophunzitsa njovu azikondedwa ndi  ana a njovuwo. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iye amafunika aziwadyetsa bwino. Ana anjovuwa amazolowera mawu a mbuye wawo ndipo akawaitanira chakudya, amabwera akuthamanga kuti akamwe mkaka ndi phala. Anawa saphunzitsidwa kugwira ntchito mpaka atafika zaka 13. Ndipo amayamba kugwira ntchito akafika zaka 25. Ku Kerala, malamulo a boma amati njovu zizisiya kugwira ntchito zikafika zaka 65.

Kuti munthu azitha kuyendetsa njovu mosamala amafunika kuphunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri. Bungwe lina limanena kuti ku Kerala, munthu watsopano amafunika kuphunzitsidwa mwakathithi kwa miyezi itatu. Iye amaphunzira kulamulira njovu komanso amaphunzira chilichonse chokhudza njovu.

Njovu yaikulu imatenga nthawi yaitali kuiphunzitsa kusiyana ndi mwana wa njovu. Akatuluka nayo m’khola, choyamba amaphunzitsa kumva zimene iye akulamula. Ku Kerala, munthu woyendetsa njovu amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndiponso zizindikiro zokwana 20 kuti njovuzo zigwire ntchito imene akufuna. Munthuyo amafunika kuilamula mokuwa ndi momveka bwino, uku akuisonyeza zochita ndi kamtengo kake. Njovu ikatsatira malangizo, amaipatsa chinachake. Ikayamba kumvera, amailowetsa m’khola n’kuisisita. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti njovuyo izigwirizana kwambiri ndi munthuyo. Kenako munthuyo amatha kupita nayo panja komabe mosamala chifukwa imakhala isanazolowerane naye kwambiri. Akatsimikizira kuti njovuyo yaphunzitsika, amapita nayo kokasamba kapena ku maulendo ena koma ataimangirira pakati pa njovu zina ziwiri zomwe anaziphunzitsa kale.

Akatha kuiphunzitsa malamulo, amayamba zinthu zina. Amakwera pamsana pake n’kumaikanda ndi zala za kuphazi kapena chitende. Kuti njovu ipite kutsogolo, munthu woyendetsa njovuyo amaikanda kumbuyo kwa khutu ndi zala ziwiri zazikulu za kuphazi. Akafuna kuti njovu ibwerere m’mbuyo, amaiponda m’mapewa ake ndi zitende zonse ziwiri. Poopa kuisokoneza, munthu mmodzi yekha ndi amene amaiuza zochita. Zimatenga zaka zitatu kapena zinayi kuti njovu iyambe kutsatira zimene ikuphunzitsidwa, ndipo kenako siiwalanso. Njovu ndi zanzeru kwambiri ngakhale kuti zili ndi ubongo waung’ono poyerekeza ndi thupi lawo.

Kodi Amazisamalira Bwanji?

Njovu imafunika kusamalidwa bwino kuti ikhale ndi thanzi labwino komanso kuti izisangalala. Imafunikanso kuisambitsa tsiku lililonse. Khungu lake ndi lokhutala koma lofewa ndipo amainyula ndi miyala ndiponso makoko a kokonati.

Kenako amaipatsa phala lolimba la tirigu kapena la mawere ndiponso chakudya china. Chakudya chenicheni cha njovu ndi nsungwi, masamba a mgwalangwa ndiponso udzu. Njovu zimasangalala kwambiri ndi chakudya chimenechi akachisakaniza ndi karoti ndiponso nzimbe. Njovu zimadya kwambiri, ndipo patsiku zimadya chakudya chokwana makilogalamu 140 ndiponso zimamwa madzi okwana malita 150. Wophunzitsa njovu ayenera kuipatsa zinthu zimenezi kuti apitirize kugwirizana ndi njovu yake.

 Sizifuna Kuzichitira Nkhanza

Njovu za ku India ndi zofatsa koma sizifuna kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwankhanza. Wophunzitsa njovu akamazimenya kapena kuzikalipira, zimatha kumulusira. Nyuzipepala ina ya ku India inanena za njovu ina yamphongo imene “inalusa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti munthu amene ankaiphunzitsa anaimenya. Njovuyo inapengeratu. . . ndipo anachita kuibaya jakisoni wogonetsa kuti ifatse.” (Sunday Herald) Mu April 2007, magazini inanso inanena kuti: “Pamiyezi iwiri yapitayi, njovu zoposa 10 zinalusa kwambiri pa nthawi yachikondwerero. Kuyambira mu January chaka chatha, anthu 48 oyendetsa njovu aphedwa ndi njovu zolusa.” Zimenezi zimakonda kuchitika panthawi imene njovu zazimuna zimafuna kwambiri njovu zazikazi. Ichi n’chifukwa chake njovu zazimuna zimalusirana kapena kulusira anthu. Nyengoyi imatha masiku 15 kapena miyezi itatu.

Njovu zimalusanso kwambiri akazigulitsa kwina n’kuyamba kuyendetsedwa ndi munthu wina. Zimatero chifukwa zimakhala zitazolowerana kwambiri ndi munthu amene amaziyendetsa poyamba uja. Pofuna kuti pasakhale mavuto, woyendetsa woyambayo amaziperekeza kwa mbuye wawo watsopano. Woyendetsa wakaleyu ndi watsopanoyo amakhala limodzi mpaka njovuyo itamuzolowera winayo. Zimakhalanso zovuta kwambiri woyendetsa njovu akamwalira. Pamatenga nthawi kuti njovu zidziwane ndiponso kuzolowerana ndi woyendetsa wina.

Ngakhale kuti njovu ndi nyama yochititsa mantha, ikaphunzitsidwa bwino imamvera mbuye wake. Ndipo ngati mbuyeyo sakuichitira nkhanza, angathe kuisiya yokha kwa kanthawi osaimangirira. Akamachoka, amangofunika kuzika ndodo pafupi ndi phazi la njovuyo n’kuilamula kuti isachoke. Njovuyo imamvera ndipo imangoima pomwe pali ndodopo. Monga tafotokozera kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, ubale wa njovu ndi mbuye wake ndi wodabwitsa ndiponso wochititsa chidwi. Woyendetsa njovu wabwino amaidalira kwambiri njovu yake.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 18]

UBALE WA MUNTHU NDI NJOVU UNAYAMBA KALE

Anthu anayamba kale kwambiri kuweta njovu. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi cha Hannibal, yemwe anali mkulu wankhondo wa ku Carthage. M’zaka za m’ma 200 B.C.E., mzinda wa Carthage, omwe unali kumpoto kwa Africa, unali pa nkhondo ndi ufumu wa Roma. Hannibal anasonkhanitsa asilikali ake mumzinda wa Cartagena, ku Spain, n’cholinga chokamenya nkhondo ku Roma. Choyamba iye anadutsa m’mapiri omwe ali pakati pa dziko la France ndi Spain. Kenako iye ndi asilikali okwana 25,000, anadutsa mapiri a Alps n’kufika ku Italy, ali ndi njovu 37 za ku Africa, ndi nyama zina zonyamula katundu. Akatswiri a zinthu zakale amanena kuti “asilikali amenewa anali olimba mtima kwambiri.” Iwo anadutsa m’madera ozizira, achipale chofewa, okhala ndi miyala ndiponso anthu ankhanza. Njovuzo zinatopa kwambiri pa ulendo umenewu ndipo pamene chaka chimatha Hannibal ali ku Italy zonse zinali zitafa.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Look and Learn Magazine Ltd/The Bridgeman Art Library

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Woyendetsa njovu akunyula khungu la njovu lomwe ndi lokhutala koma lofewa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Vidler/mauritius images/age fotostock

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 16]

© PhotosIndia/age fotostock