Kodi N’chiyani Chinayambitsa Nkhondo ya Padziko Lonse?

Kodi n’zotheka kuti kutsogoloku nkhondo yachitatu ya padziko lonse iyambe mosayembekezereka? Kodi n’zotheka kuti zochita za atsogoleri a mayiko ndi alangizi awo pa zankhondo ziyambitse nkhondo n’kuphetsa anthu ambirimbiri?

SITIKUDZIWA ngati zimenezi zingachitike, koma tikudziwa kuti zimenezi zinachitikapo m’mbuyomu. Zaka 100 zapitazo, atsogoleri a mayiko a ku Ulaya anayambitsa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse imene inali yoopsa kwambiri. David Lloyd George, yemwe anali nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Britain kuyambira mu 1916 mpaka mu 1922, anati: “Tinayambitsa nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri.” Kodi chinachitika n’chiyani kuti nkhondo imeneyi iyambe?

Katswiri wina wolemba mbiri yakale, dzina lake John Taylor, anati: “Panalibe mtsogoleri aliyense amene ankafuna kuti nkhondo ifike poipa choncho. Atsogoleriwa ankangofuna kuopseza mayiko ena ndi kuwagonjetsa basi.” Mfumu ya ku Russia inkalimbikitsa mayiko kuti ayesetse kupewa nkhondo ndipo sinkafuna kukhala ndi mlandu uliwonse wophetsa anthu. Komabe, pa June 28, 1914, nthawi ili 11:15 m’mawa, panachitika chiwembu chimene chinachititsa kuti zinthu zifike povuta kwambiri.

Zipolopolo Ziwiri Zimene Zinayambitsa Nkhondo

Pofika chaka cha 1914, mayiko a ku Ulaya anali pa udani waukulu ndipo ankaopana kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zimenezi mayiko a Austria-Hungary, Italy ndi Germany anapanga mgwirizano, ndipo nawonso mayiko a Britain, France ndi Russia anapanga mgwirizano winanso. Komanso mayiko onsewa anali paubale wa zandale ndiponso zachuma ndi mayiko enanso ang’onoang’ono, kuphatikizapo mayiko a m’chigawo cha Balkan.

Panthawiyo, mayiko a m’chigawo cha Balkan anali pamavuto a zandale chifukwa ankaponderezedwa ndi mayiko akuluakulu a ku Ulaya. Choncho, m’chigawochi munali magulu amene ankamenyera mwachinsinsi ufulu wodzilamulira. Gulu lina la achinyamata linakonza zopha Archduke Francis Ferdinand, wa ku Austria pa June 28, atapita ku likulu la dziko la Bosnia, ku Sarajevo. Archduke Francis Ferdinand ankayembekezereka kudzakhala mfumu ku Austria-Hungary. Zinali zosavuta kumupha chifukwa m’derali munali apolisi ochepa oti n’kumuteteza. Komabe anthu amene anakonza zoti amuphewo sanaphunzitsidwe mokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, mnyamata wina anaponya bomba kuti aphe Ferdinand koma anamuphonya, ndipo ena anali ndi mwayi woti amuphe koma analephera kuugwiritsa ntchito. Amene anakwanitsa kumupha anali Gavrilo Princip, koma anachita zimenezi mwamwayi chabe.

Princip ataona kuti Ferdinand sanafe ndi bomba limene mnyamata uja anaponya, anathamangira galimoto yake koma sanaipeze. Mowawidwa mtima, anawoloka msewu  m’kupita mu lesitilanti. Panthawiyi Ferdinand anaganiza zosintha njira. Koma dalaivala wake sanadziwe za kusinthaku, ndipo anatenga msewu wolakwika moti anabwerera kuti atenge msewu umene amafuna. Apa n’kuti Princip akutuluka mu lesitilanti ija ndipo anaona Ferdinand akubwera poteropo m’galimoto yake ya mpandadenga. Mwamsangamsanga Princip anathamangira galimotoyo ndipo ataipeza anaombera zipolopolo ziwiri, n’kupha Ferdinand ndi mkazi wake. * Princip, yemwe ankakonda kwambiri dziko lake, sanaganizire kuti zimene anachitazo zingabweretse mavuto aakulu. Komabe, si Princip yekha amene anachititsa kuti nkhondo iyambe.

Mayiko Anali Okonzeka Kumenya Nkhondo

Chisanafike chaka cha 1914, anthu ambiri a ku Ulaya ankafunitsitsa kumenya nkhondo. Ngakhale kuti anthuwa anali Akhristu, iwo ankaona kuti nkhondo ndi yabwino. Atsogoleri ena ankakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ibweretsa umodzi ndipo ichangamutsa anthu. Komanso akuluakulu ena ankhondo ankauza atsogoleri awo kuti iwo apambana nkhondoyo mosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, mkulu wina wa asilikali ku Germany ananena modzitama kuti: “Pasanathe milungu iwiri, tikhala titagonjetsa dziko la France.” Panalibe aliyense amene ankadziwa kuti asilikali ambirimbiri adzakhala akumenya nkhondo kwa zaka zambiri.

Ndiponso buku lina limanena kuti nkhondo isanayambe “anthu ambiri ku Ulaya ankakonda kwambiri mayiko awo. Aphunzitsi m’sukulu zambiri, atolankhani, ndiponso anthu andale ankalimbikitsa zimenezi.”—Cooperation Under Anarchy.

Atsogoleri achipembedzo sanachite chilichonse kuti athetse mavuto amenewa. Katswiri wina wolemba mbiri yakale, dzina lake Paul Johnson, anati: “Apolotesitanti a ku Germany, Akatolika a ku Austria, ndi anthu a tchalitchi cha Orthodox cha ku Bulgaria ndiponso Asilamu a ku Turkey ankamenyana ndi Apolotesitanti a ku Britain, Akatolika a ku France ndi ku Italy ndiponso anthu a tchalitchi cha Orthodox a ku Russia. Atsogoleri ambiri a matchalitchi ankati Mkhristu ayenera kukhala wokonzeka kufera dziko lake.” Asilikali a zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zachikhristu ankalimbikitsidwa kupha anzawo m’dzina la Mpulumutsi wawo.” Ngakhale ansembe ndi masisitere anapita kunkhondo, ndipo ansembe ambiri anaphedwa kunkhondoko.

Magulu awiri omwe anapangidwa ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya aja ndi amenenso analimbikitsa nkhondo. Kodi analimbikitsa motani? “Mayiko a ku Ulaya amenewa ankadalirana kwambiri pankhani zachitetezo. Dziko lililonse linkadalira kwambiri  mayiko amene linali nawo pamgwirizano. Ndipo mayikowo ankaona kuti ngati dziko limodzi lili pankhondo ayenera kulithandiza, ngakhale kuti ilolo ndi limene lachita zamtopola.”

Chinthu chinanso chimene chinalimbikitsa nkhondo chinali dongosolo lomenyera nkhondo limene dziko la Germany linatsatira. Munthu amene anakonza dongosololi anali mkulu wa asilikali a dziko la Germany, dzina lake Alfred von Schlieffen. M’dongosololi Schlieffen anakonza zoti dziko la Germany ligonjetse dziko la France mwachangu, ndipo kenako amenyane ndi dziko la Russia. “Dziko la Germany litayamba kutsatira dongosololi, mayiko a ku Ulaya amene anali pamgwirizano anayamba kuthandizana ndipo zinali zoonekeratu kuti nkhondo ya padziko lonse iyambika.”—World Book Encyclopedia.

Kuyamba kwa Nkhondo ya Padziko Lonse

Dziko la Austria linafunitsitsa kukhaulitsa dziko la Serbia ngakhale kuti silinapeze umboni uliwonse wosonyeza kuti dziko la Serbia linakonza chiwembu chopha Francis Ferdinand. Katswiri wolemba mbiri yakale, dzina lake John  Roberts, ananena kuti dziko la Austria linkafuna kuti “dziko la Serbia litengerepo phunziro.”

Nicholas Hartwig, yemwe anali kazembe wa dziko la Russia ku Serbia, anayesetsa kuthandiza mayiko awiriwa kuti agwirizane. Koma iye akukambirana ndi akuluakulu a dziko la Austria, anadwala mwadzidzidzi matenda a mtima n’kumwalira. Kenako pa July 23, 1914, dziko la Austria linatumizira dziko la Serbia chikalata cholamula zinthu zoti litsatire. Dziko la Serbia linakana kutsatira zinthu zina zimene zinali m’chikalatacho. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, dziko la Austria linathetsa nthawi yomweyo ubale wawo waukazembe ndipo panalibenso zokambirana.

Komabe, pali zinthu zina zimene mayiko anayesetsa kuchita pofuna kupewa nkhondo. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Britain linaitanitsa msonkhano wa mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo mfumu ya ku Germany inapempha mfumu ya ku Russia kuti isamenye nkhondo. Koma kenako zinthu zinafika povuta kwambiri. “Atsogoleri a mayiko, akuluakulu a asilikali, ndiponso anthu wamba anayamba kuchita mantha kuti nkhondo ya padziko lonse yayamba.”—The Enterprise of War.

Pa July 28, dziko la Austria linayamba kumenyana ndi dziko la Serbia, litatsimikiziridwa kuti lithandizidwa ndi dziko la Germany. Dziko la Russia linkagwirizana ndi dziko la Serbia ndipo linalengeza kuti litumiza asilikali 1 miliyoni kumalire a dziko la Austria ndi Serbia pofuna kuopseza dziko la Austria kuti lisapitirize nkhondo. Koma mfumu ya ku Russia sinatumize asilikali ake onse, chifukwa inkadziwa kuti ikatero malire ake ndi dziko la Germany akhala opanda asilikali.

Mfumu ya ku Russia inayesetsa kutsimikizira mfumu ya ku Germany kuti dziko lake linalibe zolinga zomenyana nawo. Komabe, kusonkhanitsidwa kwa asilikaliwa kunachititsa dziko la Germany kutsimikizira zomenyana ndi dziko la Russia. Choncho pa July 31 dziko la Germany linayamba kutsatira dongosolo lomenyera nkhondo la Schlieffen ndipo linalengeza kuti liyamba kumenya nkhondo ndi dziko la Russia pa August 1 komanso ndi dziko la France pa August 3. Potsatira dongosololi, asilikali a Germany anali ndi cholinga chodutsa m’dziko la Belgium popita ku France. Koma dziko la Belgium linkatetezedwa ndi dziko la Britain, choncho dziko la Britain linachenjeza dziko la Germany kuti limenyana nalo asilikali ake akadutsa m’dziko la Belgium. Komabe pa August 4 asilikali a dziko la Germany anadutsabe m’dziko la Belgium. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti dziko la Britain lilowerere.

“Panalibenso Zokambirana”

Katswiri wina wa mbiri yakale, dzina lake Norman Davies, analemba kuti: “Dziko la Britain litangoyamba kumenyana ndi dziko la Germany, panalibenso zokambirana.” Katswiri winanso wa mbiri yakale, dzina lake Edmond Taylor, analemba kuti dziko la Austria litayamba kumenyana ndi dziko la Serbia pa July 28, “panali chipwirikiti chokhachokha. Panali zinthu zambiri zimene zinkachitika mofulumira kwambiri m’malo osiyanasiyana. . . . Ngakhale anthu anzeru omwe amafuna kuti zinthu ziziyenda mwadongosolo sankamvetsa zimene zinkachitika.”

Asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba oposa 13 miliyoni anafa pa chipwirikiti chimenechi. Tsogolo la anthu linasokonekera kwambiri chifukwa mayiko otukuka, omwe anali ndi zida zatsopano zamphamvu kwambiri anayamba kumenyana, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu ambiri afe. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, zinthu zinasinthiratu padziko lonse.—Onani bokosi lakuti  “Kodi Nkhondo ya Padziko Lonse Inali Chizindikiro cha Masiku Otsiriza?”

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 20]

KODI NKHONDO YA PADZIKO LONSE INALI CHIZINDIKIRO CHA MASIKU OTSIRIZA?

  Baibulo linaneneratu kuti nkhondo idzakhala mbali ya chizindikiro cha masiku otsiriza a dziko loipali. (Mateyo 24:3, 7; Chivumbulutso 6:4) Kukwaniritsidwa kwa chizindikiro chimenechi kukusonyeza kuti tikuyandikira nthawi imene Ufumu wa Mulungu udzayambe kulamulira dziko lapansi.—Danieli 2:44; Mateyo 6:9, 10.

Ndiponso, Ufumu wa Mulungu udzachotsa ziwanda zomwe zimatsogoleredwa ndi Satana Mdyerekezi. Lemba la 1 Yohane 5:19 limati: “Tikudziwa kuti tinachokera kwa Mulungu, koma dziko lonse lili m’manja mwa woipayo.” Satana ndi amene akulimbikitsa anthu kuti azichita zinthu zoipa kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zinthu zimene zinachititsa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse.—Chivumbulutso 12:9-12. *

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

U.S. National Archives photo

[Chithunzi patsamba 19]

Kuphedwa kwa Archduke Ferdinand

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Mary Evans Picture Library