Ulimi Wamakono Wasintha Dziko

KODI mumapeza bwanji chakudya? Kodi mumachita kugula kapena mumalima nokha? Zaka zam’mbuyomu anthu ambiri ankalima okha chakudya. Koma masiku ano m’mayiko ena otukuka munthu mmodzi yekha mwa anthu 50 aliwonse ndi amene amalima. Kodi chinachitika n’chiyani kuti ulimi usinthe?

Chinachititsa ndi kusintha kwa njira zolimira. Poyamba zinkasintha pang’onopang’ono koma kenako zinayamba kusintha mofulumira. Njira zolimira zikasintha, moyo wa mabanja ambiri unkasinthanso. Kuganizira mmene ulimi wasinthira kungatithandize kumvetsa mmene dziko lasinthira.

Mmene Zinthu Zinayambira Kusintha

M’zaka za m’ma 1100, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mahatchi polima. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kulima chakudya chochuluka kuposa chimene ankafunikira pabanja pawo. Mahatchi ankalima mwachangu komanso kwanthawi yaitali kuyerekezera ndi ng’ombe. Komanso ankatha kuwalimitsa malo amene poyamba anthu sankatha kulima. Chinthu chinanso chimene chinathandiza kuti anthu azikolola chakudya chochuluka chinali kulima mbewu zowonjezera chonde m’nthaka monga mbewu za m’gulu la nyemba.

Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chakudya china chiyambe kugulitsidwa ndipo matawuni ena anayamba kukula. Anthu ankapita kumatawuni amenewa kukagula chakudya ndiponso kukagwira ntchito m’makampani kapena kukachita malonda. Enanso mwa anthu amenewa anayamba kupanga makina olimira.

M’zaka za m’ma 1700, mlimi wina wa ku England dzina lake Jethro Tull anapanga makina obzalira mbewu, choncho anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito makina amenewa m’malo mobzala ndi manja. Mu 1831, munthu wina wa ku America dzina lake Cyrus McCormick anapanga makina okololera mbewu ochita kukokedwa ndi hatchi. Makinawa ankathandiza kuti anthu azikolola mbewu mofulumira kwambiri, moti ntchito yomwe akanagwira anthu asanu inkagwiridwa ndi munthu mmodzi yekha. Komanso panthawiyi amalonda ena anayamba kugula feteleza ku South America n’kumakamugulitsa ku Ulaya. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina komanso feteleza  kunathandiza kuti anthu azikolola zakudya zambiri. Koma kodi zimenezi zinakhudza bwanji anthu?

Kupita patsogolo kwa ulimi kunachititsa kuti m’matawuni muzipezeka chakudya chambiri chotsika mtengo ndipo chifukwa cha zimenezi mafakitale ambiri anatsegulidwa. Kupita patsogolo kumeneku kunayambira ku Britain m’zaka zapakati pa 1750 ndi 1850. Anthu ambiri anasamukira kumatawuni kukagwira ntchito m’migodi ya malasha, m’mafakitale a zitsulo, m’makampani a sitima komanso m’mafakitale opanga nsalu. Alimi ang’onoang’ono sankakwanitsa kugula zipangizo zamakono komanso kulipira ngongole chifukwa sankapeza phindu pa ulimi wawo. Choncho ankasiya minda yawo n’kusamukira kutawuni komwe ankakakhala mothinana komanso m’timanyumba tachabechabe. M’malo moti mabanja azigwirira ntchito pamodzi, amuna ambiri anasiya mabanja awo n’kumakagwira ntchito kutawuni. Ngakhalenso ana ankagwira ntchito nthawi yaitali m’mafakitale. Zimenezi zinafalikiranso m’mayiko ena ambiri.

Ulimi Wamakono Unasintha Zinthu Kwambiri

Pofika m’ma 1850, mayiko ena analemera kwambiri ndipo anayambitsa kafukufuku wazaulimi. Kafukufuku ameneyu akupitirirabe mpaka pano. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi anayamba kupanga mbewu ndiponso kuweta nyama zahaibulidi, zomwe zimabereka kwambiri komanso sizigwidwa ndi matenda mwachisawawa. Akatswiriwa anayambanso kupanga feteleza wabwino kwambiri. Asayansiwa anatulukiranso mankhwala amene amachititsa kuti tchire lisamere kwambiri ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu amene amagwira ntchito yopalira asafunikenso chifukwa alimi analibe ntchito yambiri yopalira minda yawo. Kenako anatulukiranso mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, monga mbozi ndi anankafumbwe zomwe zinali adani awo kwa zaka zambiri. *

Ulimi wa ziweto nawonso wasintha kwambiri. Masiku ano kuli makina odyetsera ziweto ndiponso okamira mkaka. Makina amenewa amathandiza kuti mlimi mmodzi ndi womuthandiza wake azitha kusamalira ng’ombe 200. Alimi amathanso kusamalira ana a ng’ombe kapena a nkhumba m’khola m’malo mowasiya kuti aziyendayenda. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti ziwetozi zizinenepa msanga.

Ulimi wamakono umenewu wathandiza kuti alimi azipeza phindu. Phindu limene mlimi mmodzi amapeza limaposa limene alimi 100 kapena 1000 ankapeza m’mbuyomo. Koma kodi kusintha kumeneku kwakhudza bwanji moyo wa anthu?

Moyo wa Alimi Wasintha

Zipangizo zamakono zolimira zasintha kwambiri moyo wa alimi m’mayiko ambiri. Masiku ano alimi ambiri ndiponso antchito awo amafunika kudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakonozi ndiponso kuzikonza zikawonongeka. Ndipo alimi ambiri amagwira ntchito okhaokha pamene kale ankabzala, kupalira komanso kukolola m’magulu.

Masiku ano alimi ambiri amakhala anthu ophunzira omwe amalima mitundu yochepa ya mbewu kapena mtundu umodzi wokha n’cholinga choti azigulitsa. Alimi amenewa amawononga ndalama zambiri kugula munda, kumanga nyumba ndiponso kugula zipangizo zamakono zolimira. Komabe, sikuti amachita ulimiwu okhaokha. Makampani akuluakulu amene amapanga ndi kugulitsa zakudya amathandizana ndi alimiwa powauza mtengo, komanso mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu zoti alime. Akatswiri opanga zipangizo zaulimi amagulitsa zipangizozi kwa alimiwa ndiponso pali makampani ambiri amene amawagulitsa feteleza, mankhwala ndi mbewu. Komabe, ngakhale kuti ulimi wapita patsogolo, alimiwa akukumana ndi mavuto. Komanso anthu ena akuda nkhawa kuti njira zina zaulimi si zabwino.

Mavuto Amene Alimi Akukumana Nawo

M’mayiko olemera, anthu ambiri akusiya ulimi. Iwo akuchita zimenezi chifukwa akapita kumsika ndi mbewu zawo sakupeza phindu chifukwa chakuti alimi akuluakulu akumagulitsa mbewu zawo motsika mtengo. Choncho chifukwa chakuti zinthu sizikuwayendera bwino, alimi ena akuyamba mabizinesi monga kumanga nyumba zogona alendo, kutsegula malo okopa alendo ndiponso kupanga ndi kugulitsa zolukaluka. Ena ayamba kugulitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana  monga zakudya zimene amalima popanda kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza. Alimi enanso akugulitsa maluwa, nthiwatiwa ndiponso nyama zinazake zooneka ngati nkhosa, zimene anthu amazikonda kwambiri.

M’mayiko osauka, anthu pafupifupi 80 pa 100 aliwonse ndi alimi ang’onoang’ono. Ndipo alimi amenewa akukumana ndi mavuto ambiri. Makampani akuluakulu amene amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za ulimi zamakono amagula malo aakulu ndiponso abwino kuti alimepo zakudya zomwe amakazigulitsanso kumisika yakutali. Koma alimi ang’onoang’onowa sakhala ndi zipangizo zamakono zaulimi komanso amakhala ndi malo ochepa ndiponso opanda chonde amene amalimapo zakudya zoti adyetse mabanja awo.

M’mayiko osiyanasiyana, anthu ambiri akusamukira m’tawuni ndipo zimenezi zinayamba kale kwambiri. Kusiya ulimi n’kupita m’tawuni kukagwira ntchito zina kwathandiza anthu ena komanso kwabweretsa mavuto. Ambiri mwa anthuwa akuvutika ndipo ndi maboma ochepa chabe amene amapereka thandizo kwa anthu ovutika amenewa. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti anthu akufunikira Ufumu wa Mulungu umene udzathandize anthu kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino.—Yesaya 9:6.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 23]

NJIRA ZIWIRI ZAULIMI

Eusebio ndi mlimi wa ku Andes. Iye amalima mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndipo ali ndi ng’ombe 14. Ng’ombe zonsezi anazipatsa maina. Iye anati: “Ndimakonda kwambiri ulimi. Ndimalima mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu zakudimba ndipo sindigula ndiwo zamasamba. Ine ndi mkazi wanga timathandiza mabanja ena kulima ndi kukolola mbewu zawo ndipo tikatero iwonso amatithandiza. Sitigwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zaulimi. Timalima pogwiritsa ntchito abulu, ndipo m’malo otsetsereka timalimira makasu.

“M’mbuyomu ng’ombe zathu zambiri zinafa ndi matenda. Nditaona zimenezi ndinakaphunzira kasamalidwe ka ziweto. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, ziweto zathu sizinafepo ndi matenda aliwonse, ndipo ndimathandiza anthu ena apafupi mmene angasamalire ziweto zawo zikagwidwa ndi matenda. Timagulitsa tchizi kumsika wapafupi koma sitipeza phindu kwenikweni. Ngakhale zili choncho, timapezabe chakudya chodyetsa ana athu 6.”

Richard amakhala ku Canada ndipo ali ndi munda wopitirira mahekitala 500 umene amalimapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri amalima yekha koma nthawi zina amalemba aganyu kuti amuthandize, makamaka nthawi yobzala ndi kukolola.

Richard anati: “Masiku ano ntchito ya ulimi siyopweteka koma imabweretsa nkhawa. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito mathalakitala polima ndi pokolola. Zipangizozi zimandithandiza kupewa fumbi komanso kulumidwa ndi tizilombo. Mathalakitala amenewa ndi aatali mamita 9 ndipo amandithandiza kuti ndizitha kubzala kapena kukolola mahekitala 65 tsiku limodzi. Ndimadalira kwambiri mathalakitala amenewa moti akawonongeka ndimadandaula kwambiri. Nthawi zina ndimafunika kukongola ndalama kuti ndigule mathalakitala atsopano. Ndipo kuti ndibweze ngongole imeneyi zimadalira pa zinthu zimene sindingathe kudziwa kuti ziyenda bwanji, monga mvula, mitengo ya mbewu komanso chiwongoladzanja cha ngongole yomwe ndatenga. Mavuto a ulimi achititsa kuti mabanja ambiri akhale pamavuto ndipo alimi ena mpaka amafika podzipha.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Mu 1831 McCormick anapanga makina okololera mbewu omwe ankathandiza kuti anthu azikolola mbewu mofulumira kwambiri, moti ntchito yomwe akanagwira anthu asanu inkagwiridwa ndi munthu mmodzi basi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Wisconsin Historical Society, WHi-24854