Kodi Ndi Zoona Kuti Ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi Elizabeti I Unali Wabwino?

MFUMUKAZI Elizabeti I ya ku England inali yotchuka kwambiri. Olemba mabuku, ndakatulo, masewero komanso anthu opanga mafilimu akhala akunena zambiri zomutamanda. M’zaka zaposachedwapa anthu akhala akujambula zithunzi zake komanso kulemba mabuku ambiri onena za iye. Ofufuza atafunsa maganizo a anthu osiyanasiyana padziko lonse kuti atchule anthu otchuka kwambiri ku Britain, iye anapezeka kuti ali m’gulu la anthu 10 otchuka kwambiri.

Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani mfumukazi imeneyi inali yotchuka kwambiri? Kodi ulamuliro wake unalidi wabwino?

Anayamba Kulamulira Zinthu Zisakuyenda Bwino

Elizabeti Tudor anabadwa m’chaka cha 1533 ndipo anali mwana wa Mfumu Henry VIII. Elizabeti atabadwa, bambo ake sanasangalale chifukwa iwo ankafunitsitsa kuti mwana amene adzatenge ufumu wawo adzakhale wamwamuna. Mayi ake anali Anne Boleyn, omwe anali mkazi wachiwiri wa Mfumu Henry. Mayiwa analibe mwana wamwamuna. M’kupita kwa nthawi Mfumu Henry analamula kuti mayiyo anyongedwe ndipo ambiri amaona kuti zifukwa zimene anamuphera zinali zosamveka. Panthawiyi n’kuti Elizabeti ali ndi zaka ziwiri zokha.

Panthawiyi Henry anali asakugwirizana ngakhale pang’ono ndi papa wa ku Rome ndipo anali atadziika yekha kukhala mtsogoleri wa Tchalitchi cha ku England. Henry atafa mu 1547, anthu amene ankalangiza mwana wake, Mfumu Edward VI, pa nkhani zachipembedzo ankafuna kuti dziko la England likhale la Chipulotesitanti. Mfumu Edward anafa atangolamulira zaka 6 zokha, ndipo kenako dzikoli linabwereranso kukhala la Chikatolika mu ulamuliro waufupi koma wankhanza kwambiri wa Mfumukazi Mary I, yemwe anali mchemwali wake wa Elizabeti, wobadwa ku banja lina. * Elizabeti anakhala mfumu mu 1558, ali ndi zaka 25. Panthawiyi dziko la England linali litagawanika pa nkhani yachipembedzo komanso linali pamavuto aakulu azachuma. Apa n’kuti dzikolo litalandidwa madera onse a ku France omwe linkawalamulira ndipo linali pa udani waukulu ndi dziko la Spain.

Panthawi imene Elizabeti anayamba kulamulira anali ndi alangizi anzeru kwambiri, ndipo ena mwa alangiziwa anakhala naye nthawi yaitali ya ulamuliro wake, womwe unatha zaka 44. Vuto loyamba limene analimbana nalo atangolowa ufumu linali lokhudza chipembedzo. Malinga ndi nkhani zimene zimapezeka kumalo ena osungirako zinthu zakale (National Maritime Museum), iye anaganiza “zosintha mfundo zina zachipembedzo ndipo analamula kuti Tchalitchi cha ku England chisakhale cha Chikatolika kapena cha Chipulotesitanti.” M’malo mokhala mtsogoleri wa tchalitchichi, iye anazipatsa udindo wotsika n’cholinga choti anthu amene ankakana mkazi kukhala mtsogoleri wa tchalitchi asakhumudwe. Kenako nyumba ya malamulo inakhazikitsa miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro zoti Tchalitchi cha ku England chizitsatira, komabe sanasinthe miyambo ina ya Chikatolika. Koma mfundo zimenezi sizinasangalatse anthu okonda kwambiri Chikatolika ndiponso ena okonda kwambiri Chipulotesitanti.

Koma Elizabeti analinso ndi vuto lina. Zinali zovuta kuti anthu azimukonda komanso kumulemekeza chifukwa zinthu zambiri zinali zitawonongeka mu ulamuliro wa Mary I. Iye anaona kuti kukhala kwake mkazi kumuthandiza kuthana ndi vuto limeneli. Munthu wina wolemba mbiri yakale, dzina lake Christopher Haigh, anafotokoza kuti: “M’dziko lake iye anali  mfumukazi, kwa anthu a kutchalitchi kwake anali mayi wawo, kwa nduna zake anali azakhali awo, kwa alangizi ake anali mkazi wawo wokondedwa, ndipo kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ku nyumba yake yachifumu anali mkazi wodziwa kukopa amuna.” Chinsinsi cha mayiyu kuti anthu azimukonda chinali chakuti ankawatsimikizira nthawi zonse kuti amawakonda kwambiri. Ndipo ngati ena sakumukonda, ankayesetsabe kuchita zina zoti amukonde basi.

Nyumba ya malamulo inkafunitsitsa kuti Elizabeti akwatiwe ndi kubereka mwana n’cholinga choti mfumu imene idzalowe m’malo mwake idzakhale ya Chipulotesitanti. Iye anafunsiridwa ndi amuna osiyanasiyana. Akafunsiridwa ankasonyeza ngati alola ndipo ankakambirana za ukwati ndi mwamunayo kwa miyezi ingapo kapena zaka ndithu koma kenako ankamukana mwamunayo makamaka akaona kuti kuchita zimenezo kumuthandiza pa ndale.

Anthu ena ankafuna kumupha ataona kuti akusakaniza Chikatolika ndi Chipulotesitanti. Munthu amene anali wokonzeka kuchita zimenezi anali msuweni wake, Mary Stuart, yemwe anthu okonda Chikatolika ku Ulaya ankaona kuti ndiye woyenerera kulowa ufumu wa Mary I. Moyo wa Elizabeti unali pachiswe mu 1568, pamene Mary, yemwe anali mfumukazi ya ku Scotland, anathawira ku England atakakamizidwa kuti atule pansi udindo wake. Ngakhale kuti anali pa ukaidi wa pakhomo, pasanapite nthawi yaitali anthu okonda Chikatolika anayamba kumudalira kuti ndi amene angamugwiritse ntchito pochotsa pampando Elizabeti. Ngakhale kuti Elizabeti anadziwa za chiwembuchi, iye sanafune kupha Mary. Ndipo mu 1570, Papa Pius V analemba kalata yochotsa Elizabeti mu tchalitchi cha Katolika koma sanachotse anthu ake chifukwa chomvera mfumukaziyi. Ndipo papa wotsatira, Gregory XIII, ananena kuti sikulakwa kukamenya nkhondo ku England kuti achotse mfumukaziyi pa udindo wake. Zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri pamene zinadziwika kuti Anthony Babington anakonza chiwembu chofuna kupha Elizabeti. Mary anakhudzidwanso ndi chiwembuchi. Apa Elizabeti anakakamizika kuvomereza kuti Mary anyongedwe, ndipo mu 1587 ananyongedwadi potsatira zimene nyumba ya malamulo inanena. Akatolika a ku Ulaya anakwiya kwambiri ndi zimenezi, makamaka Mfumu Philip II ya ku Spain.

Philip Anali Wolimba Mtima

Panthawiyi Philip anali wolamulira wamphamvu kwambiri ku Ulaya konse. Iye ankafunitsitsa kuti dziko la England likhale la Chikatolika. Ndipo kuti akwaniritse cholinga chake, anafunsira Elizabeti, koma mfumukaziyi inamukana ndipo iye anakwiya kwambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, kwa zaka zambiri anthu a ku England ankaba zinthu mu sitima ndi m’madoko a ku Spain ndipo ankaderera ulamuliro wa dziko la Spain. China chimene chinawonjezera mkwiyo wa Philip chinali chakuti Elizabeti ankathandiza dziko la Netherlands kuti lichoke mu ulamuliro wa Spain. Philip anakwiyanso kwambiri chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa Mary. Choncho, atalimbikitsidwa ndi papa, iye anakonza zotumiza zombo zankhondo zoposa 130 ku England. Anakonza zoti zombozi zidutse ku Netherlands kukatenga asilikali apamtunda ndipo kenako kuwoloka nyanja ya English Channel n’kulowa m’dziko la England. Koma zombozi zisanamalize kusonkhanitsa asilikali, akazitape a ku England anatulukira chiwembuchi. Ndipo Elizabeti anatumiza Sir Francis Drake pamodzi ndi zombo 30 kugombe la ku Spain la Cádiz, komwe anawononga zombo zambiri za ku Spain zomwe ankadzidalira kwambiri. Ndipo chiwembucho chinaima kaye kwa chaka chimodzi.

Kenako mu 1588 zombozi zinanyamuka, koma panthawiyi asilikali a ku England anali atakonzeka. Ngakhale zinali choncho, zombozi zinawoloka nyanja ya English Channel n’kukafika ku doko la ku France la Calais. Usiku wotsatira, dziko la England linatumiza  zombo zankhondo zokwana 8. * Chifukwa cha mantha, asilikali a ku Spain anayendetsa zombo zawo kulowera kwakekwake ndipo pambuyo pa kumenyana kwa mtima bii, panyanjapo panawomba chimphepo chimene chinakankha zombozo kuchokera ku England kupita ku Scotland. Mphepo ya mkuntho imene inkawomba m’madera a ku Scotland ndi kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Ireland, inawononga pafupifupi theka la zombozo ndipo zotsalazo zinayenda movutikira mpaka kukafika ku Spain.

Zinthu Zinayamba Kuyenda Bwino

Pamene Elizabeti ankayamba kulamulira, dziko la England linalibe madera akutali amene linkawalamulira. Koma dziko la Spain linkapeza chuma chambiri kuchokera ku mayiko omwe linkawalamulira ku North America, Central America ndi ku South America. Choncho, Dziko la England nalonso linkafuna kukhala ndi madera oterewa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, linayambitsa maulendo a panyanja okafufuza chuma ndi misika yatsopano ku China ndi kumadera ena a ku Asia. Sir Francis Drake anali munthu woyamba wa ku England yemwe anayenda ulendo wapanyanja kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Podutsa ku magombe a kumadzulo kwa South ndi North America, Drake anawononga zombo zambiri zonyamula katundu za ku Spain. Pofuna kuti dziko la Spain lisamalamulire madera onse a ku America, Sir Walter Raleigh anathandiza pa ntchito yokhazikitsa madera oti dziko la England liziwalamulira kum’mawa kwa North America. Derali analipatsa dzina lakuti Virginia, pokumbukira mfumukazi Elizabeti, yomwe inkadziwikanso kuti Virgin Queen. Ngakhale kuti dziko la England linalephera kukhala ndi madera akutali oti liziwalamulira, chidwi chimenechi chinadzathandiza m’tsogolo. Zombo za ku Spain zitagonjetsedwa, dziko la England linayamba kudalira kwambiri maulendo apanyanja ndipo Elizabeti anathandiza kwambiri kuti apeze mayiko ena opanga nawo malonda ku Asia. Chimenechi ndicho chinali chiyambi cha Ufumu wa Britain, womwe kenako unadzakhala ndi madera owalamulira padziko lonse lapansi. *

Dziko la England linayambanso kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro m’dzikolo. Kunakhazikitsidwa sukulu zambiri ndipo anthu anaphunzira luso lolemba mabuku ndi zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana. Moyo wa anthu unasintha kwambiri chifukwa anthu ankakonda kwambiri kuwerenga komanso anatulukira njira zatsopano zosindikizira mabuku. William Shakespeare ndi akatswiri ena olemba masewero anakhala ndi moyo nthawi imeneyi. Anthu ambiri ankasonkhana pamabwalo a masewera kuti akaonere masewerowa. Anthu olemba ndakatulo ankalemba ndakatulo zothyakuka ndipo anthu oimba ankapeka nyimbo zabwino kwambiri. Ndiponso akatswiri ojambula ankapenta zithunzi zokongola za mfumukazi ndi anthu ogwira ntchito panyumba zachifumu. Mabaibulo ambiri anamasuliridwa ndipo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito m’matchalitchi komanso m’nyumba za anthu. Koma kuyenda bwino kwa zinthu kumeneku sikunachedwe kutha.

Zinthu Zinayamba Kusintha

Zaka zomalizira za Mfumukazi Elizabeti zinali zamavuto okhaokha. Alangizi ake odalirika anafa ndipo iye anasankha anthu ena oti azimulangiza. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu ogwira ntchito ku nyumba yachifumu azidana ndiponso kufuna kulanda ufumu wake. Kachiwirinso ufumuwu unagawanika pa nkhani ya chipembedzo. Akatolika ankakana kupita ku mapemphero a Chipulotesitanti ndipo anayamba kuzunzidwa kwambiri. Pofika kumapeto kwa ufumu wake, anthu 200 omwe anali ansembe komanso anthu wamba anali atanyongedwa. Nawonso anthu otsatira  kwambiri Chipulotesitanti ankatsekeredwa m’ndende ndiponso kunyongedwa. Anthu a ku Ireland anagalukira ufumu wa England ndipo nkhondo ndi dziko la Spain inali ikupitirira. Kunalinso njala kwa zaka zinayi imene inachititsa kuti anthu azisowa ntchito ndiponso umbava ukule, ndipo anthu anachita chipolowe pokwiya ndi kukwera mtengo kwa chakudya. Chifukwa cha zimenezi anthu anayamba kudana ndi ulamuliro wa Elizabeti.

Chifukwa cha mavuto amenewa, Elizabeti ankalakalaka atangofa ndipo anamwalira pa March 24, 1603. Iye anali mfumu yomaliza ya ku banja la Tudor. Anthu atamva za imfayi anali ndi chisoni chachikulu, koma pofika madzulo anayamba kuyatsa moto m’misewu ndiponso kukonza maphwando posangalala kuti kwasankhidwa mfumu yatsopano. Mfumu yomwe inasankhidwayo inali James VI ya ku Scotland. Iye anali mwana wa Mary Stuart ndipo anali wa Chipulotesitanti. Ataikidwa pa udindo, ankatchedwa kuti Mfumu James I ya ku England. Iye anakwanitsa kuchita zinthu zimene Mfumukazi Elizabeti analephera ndipo anagwirizanitsa maufumu onse awiri kuti azilamulidwa ndi mfumu imodzi. Koma zimene anthu ankayembekezera kuti iye awachitira zinalephereka ndipo anayamba kulakalaka ulamuliro wa Elizabeti.

Kodi Ulamuliro wa Elizabeti Unalidi Wabwino?

M’mbuyomu, akatswiri olemba mbiri yakale ankalemba zambiri zotamanda Mfumukazi Elizabeti. Mwachitsanzo, patangopita zaka zochepa mfumukaziyi itafa, William Camden anafotokoza kuti ulamuliro wa Elizabeti unali wabwino chifukwa anthu anatukuka kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri palibe amene ankatsutsa maganizo amenewa. Anthu anayamba kumupatsa ulemu kwambiri Elizabeti m’zaka za m’ma 1800, pamene anthu anayamba kunena kuti iyeyo ndi amene anayambitsa Ufumu wa Britain, umene unali ufumu waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse.

Koma olemba mbiri ena amakono amaona kuti ulamuliro wa Elizabeti sunali wabwino. Buku lina (The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain) limati: “Elizabeti atafa anayamba kulemekezedwa kwambiri mosagwirizana ndi zimene anachita ali moyo. N’zoonekeratu kuti ankapatsidwa ulemu kwambiri chifukwa chakuti ankadzichemerera yekha, . . . analamulira nthawi yaitali, analamulira panthawi imene m’dzikomo munali anthu anzeru monga Shakespeare, komanso chifukwa chakuti anagonjetsa mwamwayi asilikali a ku Spain. Zinthu zimenezi zimaphimba anthu m’maso n’kuyamba kumutamanda kuyiwala kuti iye analephera kuthandiza anthu a ku England kuti akhale ogwirizana.” Haigh, yemwe tamutchula kale uja, anafotokozanso zinthu zina zimene zinachititsa olemba mbiri kuti azingolemba zabwino zokhazokha zokhudza Elizabeti. Iye anati: “Mu 1603, pamene anthu ankayembekezera kuika pa mpando mfumu ya m’banja la Stuart, Elizabeti ankaonedwa kuti anali nkhalamba yopanda nzeru. Koma mu 1630, anthu atakhumudwa ndi ulamuliro wa mfumu ya m’banja la Stuart, anayamba kuona kuti Mfumukazi Elizabeti inali wolamulira wabwino.”

Komabe, Elizabeti anakwanitsa kuchita zinthu zimene amayi ambiri sangakwanitse. Iye anali wanzeru komanso wakhama ndipo, mothandizidwa ndi nduna zake, ankadziwa zimene angachite kuti azigwirizana ndi anthu. Mfumukaziyi ikamalankhula pagulu, nduna zake zinkamuthandiza kulankhula zinthu zoyenera. Zinkamuthandizanso kusankha zovala zimene angavale ndiponso nthawi imene ayenera kuonana ndi anthu. Ndunazi zinkatsogoleranso ntchito yojambula zithunzi zimene zinkachititsa kuti anthu azitamanda mfumukaziyi ndiponso ulamuliro wake.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 22]

“Elizabeti atafa anayamba kulemekezedwa kwambiri mosagwirizana ndi zimene anachita ali moyo”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 22]

 JOHN DEE ANATHANDIZA KUKHAZIKITSA UFUMU WA BRITAIN

Mfumukazi Elizabeti ankanena kuti John Dee (1527-1608/9) ndi mlangizi wake wanzeru kwambiri. Mkuluyu anali katswiri wa masamu, jogalafe ndiponso sayansi ya zakuthambo. Komanso iye anali wokhulupirira nyenyezi ndi malodza. Mkuluyu ndi amene analangiza Elizabeti za tsiku labwino kwambiri limene ayenera kuvekedwa ufumu ndipo ankachitira maula ake ku nyumba ya mfumukaziyi. Iye ankalemekezedwa chifukwa chotchukitsa dzina lakuti “Ufumu wa Britain,” ndipo iye analimbikitsa Elizabeti kuti azidziona kuti adzakhala mfumukazi ya ufumu waukulu umene udzalamulire mayiko ambiri. Ndipo John Dee ankaphunzitsa anthu ofufuza malo mmene angayendere panyanja, makamaka pofufuza njira zachidule zopitira ku mayiko a kum’mawa kwa dziko lapansi. Ndipo anathandiza nawo pa mapulani a dziko la England oti lizilamulira mayiko a ku North America.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© The Bridgeman Art Library International

[Zithunzi pamasamba 20, 21]

A. Zombo za asilikali a ku England zimene anazitumiza kuti zikamenyane ndi zombo za asilikali a ku Spain B. Sir Francis Drake C. Mfumukazi Elizabeti D. Nyumba yochitira masewero E. William Shakespeare

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

A: From the book The History of Protestantism (Vol. III); B: ORONOZ; C: From the book Heroes of the Reformation; D: From the book The Comprehensive History of England (Vol. II); E: Encyclopædia Britannica/11th Edition (1911)

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 19]

© The Bridgeman Art Library International