M’nkhalango ya Amazon Muli Zamoyo Zambiri

YAMBANI

M’nkhalango ya Amazon Muli Zamoyo Zambiri

KU PERU, nkhalango ya Amazon inayambira m’munsi mwa phiri la Andes ndipo inayenda mtunda wamakilomita 3,700 mpaka kukafika ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Malo amene nkhalangoyi inakumana ndi nyanja amaoneka okongola kwambiri chifukwa cha mtundu wobiriwira wa nkhalangoyi komanso madzi abuluu a nyanjayi.

Nkhalango ya Amazon inatenga pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya dziko la Peru koma anthu amene amakhala m’nkhalangoyi ndi ochepa kwambiri. M’nkhalangoyi muli zomera ndiponso nyama zambiri. Ndipotu nkhalango ya Amazon ndi imodzi mwa nkhalango zimene zili ndi zamoyo zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Muli mitundu 3,000 ya agulugufe, mitundu 4,000 ya maluwa, mitundu 90 ya njoka ndiponso pafupifupi mitundu 2,500 ya nsomba.

Mtsinje waukulu kwambiri umene unadutsa m’nkhalangoyi umatchedwanso kuti Amazon. M’madera ena, mumagwa mvula yambiri yomwe imachititsa kuti mtsinjewu komanso timitsinje tina timene timathira madzi ake mu mtsinjewu tokwana pafupifupi 1,100 tisefukire. Popeza kuti derali ndi lotentha komanso lachinyezi, zomera zimakula bwino kwambiri. Mitengo imakula bwinobwino m’derali, ngakhale kuti dothi lake lilibe chonde ndipo mbewu sizikula bwino.

Anthu Oyambirira Kukhala M’derali

Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti m’dera lozungulira mtsinje wa Amazon, ku Peru, munkakhala anthu ambiri kalelo. Panopa kumakhala anthu 300,000 okha ndipo kuli mafuko a anthu opitirira 40. Amakhulupiriranso kuti masiku ano, mafuko 14 pa mafuko amenewa amakhala moyo wachikalekale. Mafuko amenewa atangokumana ndi mitundu ina yotukuka, anasamukira mkatikati mwa nkhalangoyi poopa kuti angawasinthe chikhalidwe chawo.

Kodi anthuwa anafika liti kunkhalangoyi ndipo anachokera kuti? Akatswiri ena amati anthu oyamba kufika kunkhalangoyi anachokera kumpoto ndipo zimenezi zinachitika kale kwambiri. Anthu a fuko la Jivaro (lomwe linkadziwika ndi kupotokola mitu ya anthu amene awapha) anachokera m’dera la nyanja ya Caribbean ndipo anthu a fuko la Arawak anachokera ku Venezuela. Ndipo mafuko ena akuganiziridwa kuti anachokera ku Brazil, kum’mawa kwa nkhalangoyi, ndiponso ku Paraguay, kum’mwera.

Mafuko ambiri atakhazikika, anayamba kusamukira kumadera ena n’cholinga chokasaka nyama komanso kukafufuza zakudya. Ankalimanso mbewu zingapo zogwirizana ndi nthaka ya m’maderawo monga chinangwa, tsabola, nthochi ndi chimanga. Anthu olemba mbiri yakale a ku Spain ananena kuti mitundu ina inali yokhazikika, moti inkamanga nkhokwe ndiponso inayamba kuweta nyama zakutchire.

Mkangano Chifukwa cha Kusiyana Zikhalidwe

M’zaka za ma 1500 ndi 1600, anthu a ku Spain amene ankagonjetsa mitundu ina analowa m’dera Amazon. Pasanapite nthawi, amishonale a Katolika anafikanso ndipo cholinga chawo chinali kutembenuza anthu a m’derali kuti alowe Chikatolika. Amishonale amenewa anapanga mapu osiyanasiyana omwe anathandiza kuti anthu ena ku Ulaya adziwe zambiri zokhudza derali. Koma amishonalewa anabweretsanso matenda omwe anapha anthu ambirimbiri.

Mwachitsanzo, mu 1638, anamanga nyumba zamishoni m’dera limene panopa limatchedwa Maynas. Amishonalewa anakakamiza anthu onse, kuphatikizapo mitundu yomwe inkadana kwambiri, kuti azikhala malo amodzi. Kodi cholinga chawo chinali chotani? Iwo ankaona kuti athu a kumeneku anali mbuli komanso otsika, choncho ankafuna kuti aziwagwirira ntchito amishonalewo komanso anthu a ku Spain aja. Ambiri mwa anthuwa anafa ndi matenda omwe anabwera ndi azunguwa, monga chikuku, nthomba, chifuwa ndi khate. Enanso ambiri anafa ndi njala.

Amwenye ambiri anathawa m’nyumba za mishoni zimene zinakhazikitsidwa m’madera osiyanasiyana ndipo amishonale ambiri anaphedwa pa ziwawa zimene zinabuka. Ndipotu panthawi inayake, chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, m’dera la Amazon kunangotsala wansembe mmodzi.

Mmene Anthu Akukhalira Masiku Ano

Masiku ano, nzika za m’derali zikupitirizabe kuchita zinthu zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Mwachitsanzo, akamamanga nyumba, amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo ya m’nkhalango ndiponso amazifolera ndi masamba a kanjedza komanso udzu. Popeza kuti nyumba zawo amazimanga pathandala, sakumana ndi vuto la kusefukira kwa madzi ndiponso zilombo zolusa sizimawavutitsa.

Anthuwa amavala komanso kuzikongoletsa m’njira zambiri. Anthu amene amakhala mkatikati mwa nkhalango, amavala tinsalu tatifupi kwambiri ndipo ana awo savala chilichonse. Anthu amene amakumana ndi anthu ena ochokera ku Ulaya, ayamba kutengera kavalidwe ka ku Ulaya. Ena amaboola mphuno ndi makutu awo n’cholinga choti azivala mphete, ndolo, timitengo, timafupa ndiponso nthenga. Anthu ena monga a mtundu wa Mayoruna, amaboola mpaka tsaya lawo. Anthu ena a mtundu wa Tacuna ndi Jivaro amawongola mano awo kuti azioneka bwino. Anthu ambiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana amakonda kumeta tsitsi komanso kudzilembalemba pakhungu pawo.

Anthu ambiri okhala m’nkhalango za Amazon amadziwa mitengo yambiri kuphatikizapo ya mankhwala. Amadziwa mitengo ya zitsamba zoyenerera kugwiritsa ntchito munthu akalumidwa ndi njoka, akatsegula m’mimba, akatuluka zilonda pakhungu ndi matenda ena ambiri. Kale kwambiri anthu a ku Ulaya asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito labala, anthu a m’nkhalangoyi ankatha kugoba labala ndipo ankamugwiritsa ntchito kumatira madengu kuti asamachuche komanso kupangira mipira yoseweretsa. Anthuwa amagwiritsanso ntchito mitengo ya m’nkhalangoyi popanga zipangizo zoyendera komanso zolankhulirana. Mwachitsanzo, amuna amagwetsa mitengo n’kupangira mabwato amene amathandiza kwambiri poyenda m’mitsinje ya m’nkhalangoyi. Mitengoyi amapangiranso ng’oma zimene amaziimba potumiza kutali mauthenga osiyanasiyana.

Anthu Ake Amakhulupirira Zamizimu

Anthu ambiri okhala m’nkhalango ya Amazon amakhulupirira kuti m’nkhalangoyi muli mizimu yambiri imene imayendayenda usiku ndiponso imachititsa kuti anthu azidwala matenda osiyanasiyana. Amakhulupiriranso kuti mitsinje ya m’nkhalangoyi mumabisala milungu imene imayembekezera kugwira anthu amene ikuwafuna. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a mtundu wa Aguaruna, womwe ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri ku Peru, amaopa milungu isanu iyi: “Tate wa Nkhondo,” “Tate wa Dziko” “Tate wa Dzuwa” “Tate wa Madzi” ndi “Tate wa Ula.” Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anthu amatha kusanduka zomera ndiponso nyama. Chifukwa choopa kukhumudwitsa mizimu, anthu ambiri amapewa kupha nyama za mitundu ina ndipo amazipha pakakhala chifukwa chomveka.

Anthu ochita ula ndi amene amatsogolera anthu pankhani zachipembedzo komanso chikhalidwe. Amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azitsamba popangitsa anthu kuti azibwebweta. Anthu ena amapita kwa anthu amenewa kukapempha mankhwala akadwala. Enanso amapita kwa anthuwa kukaombedza kuti adziwe ngati zingawayendere bwino akabzala mbewu kapena akapita kokasaka nyama ndiponso kuti adziwe zinthu zina zam’tsogolo.

Kodi Nkhalangoyi Idzatheratu?

Nkhalango ya Amazon ikutha mofulumira kwambiri. Izi zili chonchi chifukwa chakuti m’nkhalangoyi mukumangidwa misewu ikuluikulu komanso anthu akulimamo zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kudula mitengo mozembera boma kukuchititsa kuti mitengo yokwana mabwalo a mpira 1,200 izidulidwa tsiku lililonse. Ngakhalenso mitsinje ikuwonongeka chifukwa cha kutsegulidwa kwa migodi komanso mafakitale osavomerezeka ndi boma opanga kokeni.

N’zoonekeratu kuti anthu amene amakhala m’nkhalango ya Amazon akuzindikira kuti akukhala mu “nthawi yovuta” imene Baibulo linalosera. (2 Timoteyo 3:1-5) Kodi nkhalango ya Amazon idzawonongedweratu? Baibulo limatitsimikizira kuti zimenezi sizidzachitika. Ufumu wa Mulungu ukadzayamba kulamulira, dziko lonse lidzakhala paradaiso, monga mmene Mlengi anafunira pachiyambi.—Yesaya 35:1, 2; 2 Petulo 3:13.

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Mtsinje wa Amazon

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Anthu a mtundu wa Aguaruna amalambira milungu yokwana isanu

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Akazi a m’tawuni ya Lamas

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Chipangizo chimene amagwiritsa ntchito polasa nyama

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Renzo Uccelli/PromPerú

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Mmene nyumba zawo zimaonekera

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Anthu akudula mitengo malo aakulu pafupifupi mabwalo a mpira 1,200 tsiku lililonse

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GALAMUKANI!