Matenda Amene Anavuta Kwambiri M’zaka za M’ma 1800

M’chaka cha 1854, mumzinda wa London munagwa mliri wa kolera. Matendawa ankapha munthu mwachangu kwambiri. Anthu ambiri amene anadzuka bwinobwino m’mawa, ankapezeka kuti amwalira pofika madzulo. Aka sikanali koyamba kuti mugwe mliriwu. Pa nthawiyo matendawa analibe mankhwala.

MATENDA a kolera anapha anthu ambirimbiri m’zaka za m’ma 1800, ndipo anthu sankadziwa kuti amayamba bwanji. Matendawa amachititsa munthu kutsegula m’mimba kwambiri komanso amachititsa kuti munthu athe madzi mwamsanga m’thupi. Ena ankaganiza kuti kolera imayamba munthu akapuma mpweya wonunkha womwe umachokera ku zinthu zoola. M’pake kuti anthu ankaganiza zimenezi chifukwa mtsinje wa Thames, umene unadutsa mkatikati mwa mzinda wa London, unkanunkha kwambiri. Koma kodi mpweya wonunkhawu ndi umene unkayambitsadi matendawa?

Zaka zisanu mliriwu usanachitike, dokotala wina dzina lake John Snow, ananena kuti matenda a kolera amayamba ndi madzi oipa, osati mpweya woipa. Dokotala winanso dzina lake William Budd ankaganiza kuti tizomera tina tangati nkhungu n’timene timayambitsa matendawa.

Mliriwu utagwa mu 1854, Snow anafuna kutsimikizira ngati zimene ankaganiza zinali zolondola. Iye anachita kafukufuku wokhudza anthu okhala m’chigawo cha Soho ku London amene anadwala matendawa. Pa kafukufukuyo, iye ankafuna kudziwa ngati pali zinthu zinazake zimene anthu onsewa ankachita zomwe zinkachititsa kuti adwale matendawa. Zimene Snow anapeza zinali zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Anapeza kuti anthu onse amene anadwala kolera m’chigawochi anamwa madzi a pampope umodzi, ndipo madziwo anali oipitsidwa ndi chimbudzi chimene chinali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa kolera. *

M’chaka chomwecho wasayansi wina wa ku Italy, dzina lake Filippo Pacini, anatulukira zinthu zina zokhudza kachilombo kamene kamayambitsa kolera, zomwe sizinkadziwika m’mbuyo monsemo. Ngakhale kuti anafalitsa zimene anapezazi, anthu ambiri anangozinyalanyaza. Ananyalanyazanso zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Snow ndi Budd. Choncho mliri wa kolera unapitirirabe mpaka m’chaka cha 1858.

‘Fungo Losapiririka’

Nyumba ya Malamulo inkanyalanyaza kuvomereza zoti akhazikitse njira yatsopano yochotsera zoipa m’zimbudzi n’cholinga choti zisamapitenso mumtsinje wa Thames. Koma m’chaka cha 1858 kunatentha kwambiri ndipo mtsinje wa Thames unayamba  kununkha. Popeza kuti mtsinjewu unadutsa pafupi ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, andale ankavutika kwambiri ndi fungo moti ankachita kutseka mawindo ndi nsalu zonyikidwa m’mankhwala, pofuna kuchepetsako fungolo. Fungoli linali losapiririka ndipo linachititsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga. M’masiku 18 okha, nyumbayi inalamula kuti pakhazikitsidwe njira yatsopano yochotsera zoipa m’zimbudzi.

Zitatero, anthu anakumba ngalande zikuluzikulu zomwe zinkapatutsa zoipa zisanalowe mumtsinje wa Thames n’kuzipititsa kum’mawa kwa mzinda wa London. Zoipazo zikafika kumeneku, zinkalowa m’nyanja. Zimenezi zinathandiza kwambiri chifukwa zimbudzi zonse za mumzinda wa London zitangolumikizidwa ku ngalandezi, matenda a kolera anathera pomwepo ndipo sikunagwenso mliri wina wa matendawa.

Tsopano anthu anazindikira kuti matenda a kolera sayamba chifukwa chopuma mpweya woipa koma chifukwa cha madzi kapena chakudya chokhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Anthu anazindikiranso kuti ukhondo ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti apewe kolera.

Lamulo Lokhudza Ukhondo Lakale Kwambiri

Zaka masauzande ambiri mumzinda wa London musanagwe mliri wa kolera, Mose anatsogolera Aisiraeli pa ulendo wochoka ku Iguputo. Ngakhale kuti Aisiraeli anayenda m’chipululu cha Sinai kwa zaka pafupifupi 40, iwo sanavutike ndi miliri ngati kolera. Kodi zimenezi zinatheka bwanji?

Aisiraeli analangizidwa kuti azikwirira zonyansa patali ndi msasa wawo n’cholinga choti malo okhala komanso madzi akumwa asaipitsidwe ndi zonyansazo. Malangizowo analembedwa m’Baibulo pa Deuteronomo 23:12, 13. Lembali limati:

“Muzikhala ndi malo obisika kunja kwa msasa kumene muzipita. Uzikhalanso ndi chokumbira pamodzi ndi zida zako. Ndiyeno podzithandiza kunja kwa msasa, uzikumba dzenje ndi chokumbiracho ndipo ukamaliza kudzithandiza uzitembenuka ndi kufotsera zoipazo.”

 Malangizo osavuta amenewa anateteza Aisiraeliwo ku matenda osiyanasiyana amene mitundu ina inkavutika nawo. Kutsatira malangizo okhudza ukhondo ofanana ndi amenewa kwathandizanso anthu ambiri kuti asafe ndi matenda masiku ano. * Mwachitsanzo, taonani nkhani yotsatirayi.

“Sitinakhalepo ndi Mliri”

Cha m’ma 1970, Mboni za Yehova zinayamba kuzunzidwa kwambiri ku Malawi. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti Mboni zambiri zithawire ku Mozambique. Kumeneko anthu oposa 30,000, amuna, akazi ndi ana, ankakhala m’misasa yokwana 10. Koma nthawi zambiri m’misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo, anthu amadwala matenda amene amayamba chifukwa chomwa madzi oipa. Kodi a Mboni za Yehova amene anali m’misasayi zinthu zinawayendera bwanji?

A Lemon Kabwazi, limodzi ndi anthu ena okwana 17,000, ankakhala mumsasa waukulu kwambiri wa ku Mlangeni. Iwo anati: “Pamsasawu pankakhala paukhondo nthawi zonse. Zimbudzi zonse zinkakumbidwa kunja kwa msasa ndipo palibe ankaloledwa kukumba chimbudzi mkati mwake. Mayenje a zinyalala ankakumbidwa kutali ndi msasa. Pankakhala anthu oonetsetsa kuti msasawo ukusamalidwa. Zitsime zinkakumbidwa kunja kwa msasa kutali ndi mayenje a zinyalala ndi zimbudzi, ndipo anthuwo ankaonetsetsa kuti madzi ake akusamalidwa. Ngakhale kuti tinkakhala mothithikana, tinkatsatira mfundo za m’Baibulo zokhudza ukhondo, choncho pamsasawo sitinakhalepo ndi mliri wa matenda alionse oopsa, ndipo palibe amene anadwalapo kolera.”

N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti m’mayiko ena mulibe njira zabwino zotayira zoipa zochoka m’zimbudzi. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti ana pafupifupi 5,000 azifa tsiku lililonse.

Kolera ndiponso matenda ena otere angathe kupewedwa, ndipo anthu ambiri amayesetsa kukhala aukhondo, zimene zathandiza kuti matendawa achepe. Komabe Baibulo limalonjeza kuti m’tsogolo muno, matenda onse adzatheratu. Lemba la Chivumbulutso 21:4 limanena kuti Ufumu wa Mulungu ukadzayamba kulamulira, “imfa sidzakhalaponso. Sipadzakhalanso kulira, kapena kubuula, ngakhale kupweteka.” Baibulo limalonjeza kuti pa nthawi imeneyo, “palibe munthu wokhala m’dzikolo amene adzanene kuti: ‘Ndikudwala.’”—Yesaya 33:24.

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri zokhudza zimene Ufumu wa Mulungu udzachitire anthu, onani mutu 3 ndi 8 m’buku lakuti Kodi Baibulo Limaphunzitsa Chiyani Kwenikweni? lofalitsidwa ndi Mboni za Yehova.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 21]

Madzi a mumtsinje wa Thames, womwe umadutsa mkatikati mwa mzinda wa London, ankayambitsa matenda a kolera chifukwa chakuti zoipa zochokera m’zimbudzi zinkafika mumtsinjewu, ndipo zithunzi zambiri zojambulidwa nthawi imeneyo zimasonyeza zimenezi

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Ku Mozambique, amuna, akazi ndi ana oposa 30,000 ochokera ku Malawi ankakhala m’misasa yokwana 10. Misasayi inkasamalidwa bwino nthawi zonse

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Death on Thames: © Mary Evans Picture Library; map: University of Texas Libraries