Mawu Amene Anthu Amagwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zikawavuta Panyanja
Mawu Amene Anthu Amagwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zikawavuta Panyanja
Sitima inayake yotchedwa “Nautical Legacy” inagwira moto ndipo mkati mwake munali utsi wokhawokha. Aliyense amene anali m’sitimamo ankaona kuti za moyo palibe. Mkulu wa gulu lina la asilikali a ku Canada opulumutsa anthu panyanja, anati: “Woyendetsa sitimayo akanapanda kuitana anthu kuti adzawapulumutse, sitimayo ikanamira ndipo siikanapezekanso.” Koma asilikali a ku Canada opulumutsa anthu panyanja atamva kuitanako, anathamanga ndipo anapulumutsa anthu onsewo.” *
ANTHU oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zinthu zikawavuta ndipo akafuna kuti anthu ena awapulumutse amafuula kuti, “Mayday! Mayday! Mayday!” Kodi zimenezi zimathandizadi? Inde, zimathandiza. Mwachitsanzo, m’chaka cha 2008, asilikali a ku America opulumutsa anthu panyanja anayenda maulendo oposa 24,000, kukapulumutsa anthu ndipo anapulumutsa anthu 4,910. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti tsiku lililonse ankapulumutsa anthu okwana 13. Komanso anathandiza anthu oposa 31,000 amene anakumana ndi mavuto panyanja.
Koma kodi n’chifukwa chiyani anthu masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “Mayday”? Nanga mawailesi olankhulirana asanabwere, kodi anthu oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi ankatani akafuna thandizo?
Njira Zakale
Mu 1588, sitima ya ku Spain ya Santa Maria de la Rosa inakumana ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Zitatero anthu amene anali m’sitimayo anawomba mfuti pofuna kudziwitsa anthu ena kuti zinthu zawavuta ndipo akufunika thandizo. Koma n’zomvetsa chisoni kuti sitimayo inamira ndipo palibe anapulumuka. Njira ina imene anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito kale inali yokweza mbendera. Anthu ena akaona mbenderazo ankadziwa kuti anzawowo zawavuta. Ngakhale masiku ano, njirayi idakagwirabe ntchito moti anthu padziko lonse akaona sitima itakweza mbendera yoyera yokhala ndi mtanda wofiira, amadziwa kuti yakumana ndi vuto linalake ndipo ikupempha thandizo.
M’zaka za m’ma 1760, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano akakumana ndi vuto panyanja. Munthu ankaima atanyamula timbendera tiwiri m’manja ndipo ankatiyendetsa ngati mmene mivi ya wotchi imayendera. Akaimitsa timbenderato, ankakhala ngati walemba nambala kapena chilembo chinachake, ndipo anthu ena akaona zimenezi ankadziwa kuti vuto ndi chiyani.
Komabe, njira yogwiritsa ntchito mbendera, mfuti komanso zizindikiro sinkathandiza kwenikweni chifukwa anthu amene ali patali sankamva kapena kuona zinthuzo. Nthawi zambiri sitima ikakumana ndi vuto lalikulu, anthu a m’sitimayo ankakayikira kwambiri zoti apulumutsidwa. Choncho, pankafunikira njira zina zabwino.
Njira Zina Zothandiza Kwambiri
Cha m’ma 1840, njira zotumizira ndi kulandirira mauthenga zinapita patsogolo kwambiri. Munthu wina, dzina lake Samuel Morse, anatulukira njira yatsopano yotumizira uthenga. Iye anapanga chipangizo chinachake chomwe munthu amati akadina kabatani, chipangizocho chinkatumiza uthenga kwa anthu amene ali ndi chipangizo ngati chomwecho. Uthengawo unkadutsa munthambo zangati za telefoni. Koma munthu wotumiza uthengayo ankafunika kudinabe kabataniko osakasiya mpaka uthengawo ufike kumene ukupita. Morse anakonza chipangizocho m’njira yakuti pakafika uthenga, chizilira kapena chizisonyeza timadontho ndi timizere timene timaimira zilembo kapena manambala. Zilembo kapena manambalawo zinkathandiza olandira uthengawo kudziwa kuti vuto ndi chiyani.
Akafuna kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha Morse panyanja, anthu oyendetsa sitima ankachichuna kuti chizitumiza kuwala m’malo modalira kuti chizilira. Chipangizocho chikawala nthawi yochepa zinkaimira timadontho tija ndipo chikawala nthawi yaitali zinkaimira timizere tija. M’kupita kwa nthawi anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta komanso yapadera kwambiri akafuna kuti ena awathandize. Njirayi inkasonyeza timadontho titatu, timizere titatu, n’kubweranso timadontho tina titatu, zomwe zimaimira zilembo zakuti SOS. *
Njira zotumizira mauthenga zinapitabe patsogolo. Mu 1901, Guglielmo Marconi anali munthu woyamba kutumiza uthenga pa wailesi womwe unakafika kutali kwambiri, kuchoka tsidya lina la nyanja ya Atlantic mpaka kufika tsidya lina. Choncho, mauthenga opempha thandizo anayamba kutumizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito wailesi, m’malo mwa kuwala. Komabe, anthu anali asanayambe kulankhula kudzera m’mawailesi amenewa. Pa nthawiyi mawu akuti “Mayday! Mayday! Mayday!” anali asanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Anthu anayamba kulankhulana bwinobwino pogwiritsa ntchito mawailesi m’chaka cha 1906, pamene Reginald Fessenden anaulutsa mawu komanso nyimbo pa wailesi. Anthu oyendetsa sitima amene anali ndi mawailesi anamva Fessenden akulankhula pa wailesipo ali pa mtunda wa makilomita 80. Mu 1915, anthu ambiri anasangalala kwambiri atamva mawu akuulutsidwa pa wailesi kuchokera m’tawuni ya Arlington ku Virginia, m’dziko la America, n’kukafika pansanja yotchedwa Eiffel Tower ku Paris, m’dziko la France. Uthengawu unayenda mtunda wa makilomita 14,000. Mu 1922, anthu oyendetsa sitima ya S.S. America anasangalala kwambiri atakwanitsa kulankhulana pa wailesi ali panyanja ndi anthu amene anali pagombe lotchedwa Deal Beach ku New Jersey, lomwe linali pa mtunda wa makilomita oposa 600.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mawu Ofanana Popempha Thandizo
M’zaka za m’ma 1920 ndi 1930, anthu amene ankalankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mawailesi anachuluka kwambiri. Popeza anthu oyendetsa sitima ankalankhula zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana, zinali zovuta kuti atumize uthenga umene anthu ena onse akanatha kuumva. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, mu 1927 bungwe loona zotumiza mauthenga pa wailesi linasankha mawu akuti “Mayday” kuti ndi amene azigwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse munthu akafuna kupempha thandizo. *
N’zosangalatsa kwambiri kuti njira zotumizira mauthenga zikupitabe patsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, m’malo mogwiritsa ntchito mfuti ndi mbendera potumiza uthenga, anthu masiku ano akugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zotsogola kwambiri zoyendera makompyuta. Panopa m’sitima iliyonse mumakhala wailesi, ndipo anthu opulumutsa anzawo pa ngozi amakhala tcheru kuti amve aliyense amene akufuna thandizo. Monga mmene zinalili ndi sitima imene taitchula kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, kulikonse ndiponso nthawi iliyonse imene mwakumana ndi vuto, mukangoitana kuti “Mayday! Mayday! Mayday!” anthu akhoza kukumvani n’kubwera kudzakuthandizani. Mosiyana ndi mmene zinkakhalira kale, masiku ano anthu akakumana ndi vuto panyanja, amakhala ndi chiyembekezo chakuti apulumutsidwa.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
^ ndime 2 Nkhaniyi inalembedwa m’buku lakuti True Stories of Rescue and Survival—Canada’s Unknown Heroes.
^ ndime 11 Zilembozi zinasankhidwa chifukwa zinali zosavuta kutumiza komanso zinali zosavuta kuzizindikira. Koma zinalibe tanthauzo lililonse.
^ ndime 15 Munthu amafunika kunena mawuwa katatu kuti asonyezedi kuti zinthu zamuvuta komanso popewa kusokoneza ndi mawu ena.
[Chithunzi patsamba 27]
Sitima ya “Nautical Legacy” itagwira moto, mkati mwake muli utsi wokhawokha
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Courtesy Fisheries and Oceans Canada, reproduced with the permission of © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2010
[Chithunzi patsamba 28]
Akafuna kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha Morse panyanja, anthu oyendetsa sitima ankachichuna kuti chiziwala m’malo modalira kuti chizilira
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
© Science and Society/SuperStock