Akristu ndi Chitaganya cha Anthu Lerolino

“Anthu a mitundu yonse adzadana nanu, chifukwa cha dzina langa.” ​—MATEYU 24:9.

1. Kodi nchiyani chinali chizindikiro chodziŵikitsa Akristu?

KUKHALA olekana ndi dziko kunali chizindikiro chodziŵikitsa Akristu oyambirira. Popemphera kwa Atate wake wakumwamba, Yehova, Kristu anati ponena za ophunzira ake: “Ine ndawapatsa iwo mawu anu; ndipo dziko lapansi linadana nawo, chifukwa sakhala a dziko lapansi, monga ine sindikhala wa dziko lapansi.” (Yohane 17:14) Pamene anaitanidwa pamaso pa Pontiyo Pilato, Yesu anati: “Ufumu wanga suli wa dziko lino lapansi.” (Yohane 18:36) Kukhala olekana ndi dziko kwa Akristu akale kumachitiridwa umboni m’Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu ndiponso ndi olemba mbiri.

2. (a) Kodi m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, panali kudzakhala kusintha kulikonse kwa unansi pakati pa otsatira a Yesu ndi dziko? (b) Kodi Ufumu wa Yesu unayenera kudza mwakutembenuza mitundu?

² Kodi Yesu pambuyo pake anasonyeza kuti unansi wa otsatira ake ndi dziko ukasintha ndi kuti Ufumu wake ukadza kupyolera mwa kutembenuzira dziko lonse ku Chikristu? Ayi. Palibe chimene otsatira ake anauziridwa kulemba pambuyo pa imfa ya Yesu chimene chinapereka ngakhale lingaliro lokha la zimenezo. (Yakobo 4:4 [lolembedwa pafupi ndi 62 C.E.]; 1 Yohane 2:15-17; 5:19 [lolembedwa pafupifupi  98 C.E.]) Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, Baibulo limagwirizanitsa “kukhalapo” kwa Yesu ndi “kubwera kwake” kotsatirapo m’mphamvu ya Ufumu ndi “chimaliziro cha dongosolo la zinthu,” chofika ku “mapeto” ake, kapena chiwonongeko. (Mateyu 24:3, 14, 29, 30, NW; Danieli 2:44; 7:13, 14) Pachizindikiro chimene Yesu anapereka cha pa·rou·siʹa, kapena kukhalapo kwake, iye anati ponena za otsatira ake owona: “Pamenepo adzakuperekani kunsautso, nadzakuphani; ndipo anthu a mitundu yonse adzadana nanu, chifukwa cha dzina langa.”​—Mateyu 24:9.

Akristu Owona Lerolino

3, 4. (a) Kodi ndimotani mmene insaikulopediya ya Akatolika imalongosolera Akristu oyambirira? (b) Kodi Mboni za Yehova ndi Akristu oyambirira akulongosoledwa mofanana ndi mawu otani?

³ Kodi ndigulu lachipembedzo liti lerolino limene ladziŵika chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwake pamalamulo a mkhalidwe Achikristu ndi kulekana ndi dziko lino, limene ziŵalo zake zimadedwa ndi kuzunzidwa? Eya, kodi ndigulu Lachikristu lapadziko lonse liti limene limayenerera mbiri yakale yolongosola Akristu akale m’mbali iliyonse? Ponena za zimenezi, buku la New Catholic Encyclopedia limanena kuti: “Chitaganya cha Akristu akale, ngakhale kuti poyamba chinalingaliridwa kukhala mpatuko wina mkati mwa Chiyuda, chinadzitsimikiziritsa kukhala chosiyana m’chiphunzitso chake cha zaumulungu, ndipo chapadera kwambiri chinali changu cha ziŵalo zake, zimene zinatumikira monga mboni za Kristu ‘m’Yudeya yense ndi Samariya ndi kufikira malekezero a dziko lapansi’ (Machitidwe 1.8).”​—Voliyumu 3, tsamba 694.

⁴ Onani mawu akutiwo “chinalingaliridwa kukhala mpatuko wina,” “chosiyana m’chiphunzitso chake . . . ,” “changu . . . monga mboni.” Ndipo tsopano onani mmene insaikulopediya imodzimodziyo ikulongosolera Mboni za Yehova: “Mpatuko . . . Mboni nzokhutiritsidwa kotheratu kuti mapeto a dziko lino adzafika mkati mwa zaka zoŵerengeka kwambiri. Chikhulupiriro chotchuka chimenechi chikuwoneka kukhala mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri imene imasonkhezera changu chawocho chosazilala. . . . Thayo lalikulu la chiŵalo chilichonse cha mpatukowo ndilo kupereka umboni kwa Yehova mwakulengeza Ufumu Wake ukudzawo. . . . Izo zimawona Baibulo kukhala magwero awo okha a chikhulupiriro ndi lamulo la makhalidwe . . . Kuti munthu akhale Mboni yowona ayenera kulalikira mogwira mtima mwanjira yakutiyakuti.”​—Voliyumu 7, masamba 864-5.

5. (a) Kodi ndim’mbali ziti zimene ziphunzitso za Mboni za Yehova zili zosiyana ndi zina? (b) Perekani zitsanzo zosonyeza kuti zikhulupiriro za Mboni za Yehova nzogwirizana ndi Malemba.

⁵ Kodi ziphunzitso za Mboni za Yehova zili zosiyana ndi ena pankhani ziti? Buku la New Catholic Encyclopedia likutchula zoŵerengeka kuti: “Izo [Mboni za Yehova] zimatsutsa Utatu kukhala kulambira mafano kwachikunja . . . Zimawona Yesu kukhala Mboni ya Yehova yaikulu pa zonse, ‘mulungu’ (monga momwe zimatembenuzira Yohane 1.1), wosachepera kwa wina aliyense koma kwa Yehova. . . . Iye anafa monga munthu ndipo anaukitsidwa monga Mwana wauzimu wosafa. Kuzunzika ndi imfa yake ndizo zinali mtengo umene anaulipirira mtundu wa anthu kuti akhalenso ndi kuyenerera kwa kukhala ndi moyo kosatha padziko lapansi. Ndithudi, zili ‘khamu lalikulu’ (Chiv 7.9) la Mboni zowona zoyembekezera Paradaiso wa padziko lapansi; okhulupirika 144,000 okha (Chiv 7.4; 14.1, 4) ndiwo angadzalandire ulemerero wakumwamba ndi Kristu. Oipa adzawonongedwa kotheratu. . . . Ubatizo​—umene Mboni zimauchita mwakumiza . . . [uli] chizindikiro chakunja cha kudzipatulira kwawo kuutumiki wa Yehova Mulungu. . . . Mboni za Yehova zadziŵika mofala chifukwa cha kukana kwawo kuthiriridwa mwazi . . . Makhalidwe awo abwino ponena zaukwati ndi zakugonana ali okhwima.” Mboni za Yehova zingakhale zosiyana ndi ena pankhanizi, koma kaimidwe kawo pamfundo zonsezi nkozikidwa zolimba pa Baibulo.​—Salmo 37:29; Mateyu 3:16; 6:10; Machitidwe 15:28, 29; Aroma 6:23; 1 Akorinto 6:9, 10; 8:6; Chivumbulutso 1:5.

6. Kodi ndikaimidwe kotani kamene Mboni za Yehova zakasunga? Chifukwa ninji?

 ⁶ Buku la Roma Katolika limeneli likuwonjezera kuti mu 1965 (mwachiwonekere chaka chimene nkhaniyo inalembedwa) “Mbonizo zinali zisanadzilingalirebe kukhala mbali ya chitaganya cha anthu chimene anakhalamo.” Wolembayo akuwonekera kukhala analingalira kuti m’kupita kwa nthaŵi pamene Mboni za Yehova zidzawonjezereka ndi kuyamba kutsatira “makhalidwe ambiri a tchalitchi osakhala ampatuko,” zidzakhala mbali ya dziko lino. Koma zimenezo sizinachitike konse. Lerolino, ndi chiŵerengero cha Mboni choŵirikiza kanayi kuyerekezera ndi mu 1965, Mboni za Yehova zasungabe kaimidwe kawo mosasintha kulinga ku dzikoli. “Siali a dziko,” monga momwe Yesu ‘sanaliri wa dziko.’​—Yohane 17:16.

Olekana ndi Dziko Koma Opanda Ndewu

7, 8. Mofanana ndi Akristu oyambirira, kodi Mboni za Yehova zili zotani lerolino?

⁷ Posonyeza chifukwa chochinjirizira Akristu oyambirira choperekedwa ndi wochirikiza wa mzaka za zana lachiŵiri Justin Martyr, Robert M. Grant analemba m’buku lake la Early Christianity and Society kuti: “Ngati kunali kwakuti Akristu anali ochirikiza masinthidwe otheratu iwo akanachita ntchito zawo mobisa kuti akwaniritse cholinga chawo. . . . Iwo ali ochirikiza mfumu abwino koposa m’machitidwe odzetsa mtendere ndi dongosolo.” Mofananamo, Mboni za Yehova lerolino nzodziŵika padziko lonse kukhala nzika zokonda mtendere ndi zadongosolo. Maboma amtundu uliwonse, amadziŵa kuti alibe chifukwa chilichonse chowopera Mboni za Yehova.

⁸ Mkonzi wa nkhani wa ku North America analemba kuti: “Nkovuta kukhulupirira kuti Mboni za Yehova zimapereka chiwopsezo chilichonse ku boma lililonse; izo sizimaukira boma ndipo zimakonda mtendere kwambiri monga momwe ziyenera kuchitira pokhala bungwe lachipembedzo.” M’buku lake lakuti L’objection de conscience (Kutsutsa ndi Chikumbumtima Chabwino), Jean-Pierre Cattelain analemba kuti: “Mboni za Yehova nzogonjera bwino koposa kwa olamulira ndipo zochuluka za izo zimamvera malamulo; zimakhoma misonkho yawo ndipo sizimafuna kutsutsa, kusintha, kapena kuwononga maboma, popeza kuti iwo samadziloŵetsa m’nkhani za dziko lino.” Cattelain anawonjezera kuti pokhapo ngati Boma likufuna miyoyo yawo imene Mbonizo zapatulira kotheratu kwa Mulungu, mpamene zimakana kumvera. Pazimenezi izo zimafanana kwambiri ndi Akristu oyambirira.​—Marko 12:17; Machitidwe 5:29.

Olingaliridwa Molakwa ndi Olamulira

9. Ponena za kulekana ndi dziko, kodi nkusiyana kwakukulu kotani kumene kulipo pakati pa Akristu akale ndi Akatolika amakono?

⁹ Olamulira Achiroma ambiri analingalira Akristu oyambirira molakwa ndi kumawazunza. Kusonyeza chifukwa chake, The Epistle to Diognetus, yolingaliridwa ndi ena kukhala yolembedwa m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E., inalengeza kuti: “Akristu amakhala m’dziko, koma samadziloŵetsa m’zochitika za dziko.” Kumbali ina, bungwe la Second Vatican Council, m’Lamulo lake Lachiphunzitso cha Tchalitchi, linanena kuti Akatolika ayenera “kufunafuna ufumu wa Mulungu mwakudziloŵetsa m’zochita zakanthaŵi” ndi “kugwira ntchito zolimba kuyeretsa dziko mwakugwiritsira ntchito zadziko.”

10. (a) Kodi Akristu oyambirira analingaliridwa motani ndi olamulira? (b) Kodi Mboni za Yehova zimalingaliridwa motani kaŵirikaŵiri, ndipo kodi izo zimachita motani?

¹⁰ Wolemba mbiri E. G. Hardy akunena kuti olamulira Achiroma anawona Akristu oyambirira kukhala “anthu otengeka maganizo ndi odedwa.” Wolemba mbiri Wachifalansa Étienne Trocmé akulankhula za “chidani chimene mandoda odziŵa mwambo Achigiriki ndi Achiroma anali nacho kulinga kwa [Akristu] amene anawalingalira kukhala mpatuko wachilendo wa Kummaŵa.” Kulemberana makalata kwa Pliny Wamng’ono, bwanamkubwa Wachiroma wa Bithynia, ndi Mfumu Trajan kumasonyeza kuti olamulira ambiri anali osadziŵa za mkhalidwe weniweni wa Chikristu. Mofananamo lerolino, Mboni za Yehova kaŵirikaŵiri zimalingaliridwa molakwa ndipo ngakhale kudedwa ndi olamulira a dziko. Komabe,  zimenezi sizimadabwitsa kapena kukwiyitsa Mbonizo.​—Machitidwe 4:13; 1 Petro 4:12, 13.

“Aunenera Ponseponse”

11. (a) Kodi ndizinthu zotani zimene zinanenedwa kwa Akristu oyambirira, ndipo kodi nchiyani chimene chanenedwa kwa Mboni za Yehova? (b) Kodi nchifukwa ninji Mboni za Yehova sizimatenga mbali m’ndale?

¹¹ Ponena za Akristu oyambirira kunanenedwa kuti: “Pakuti za mpatuko uwu, tidziŵa kuti aunenera ponseponse.” (Machitidwe 28:22) M’zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E., Celsus wachikunjayo ananena kuti Chikristu chinakopa anthu otsika. Mofananamo Mboni za Yehova zanenedwa kuti “kwakukulukulu, zimatengedwa mwa anthu osauka m’chitaganya chathu.” Wolemba mbiri ya tchalitchi Augustus Neander anasimba kuti “Akristu ananenedwa kukhala anthu akufa kudziko, ndi opanda pake pankhani zonse za moyo; . . . ndipo panakhala funso lakuti, kodi moyo ukanakhala wotani, ngati onse anali ngati iwo?” Chifukwa chakuti Mboni za Yehova zimakana kutenga mbali m’ndale, nazonso zimanenezedwa kukhala zopanda pake m’chitaganya cha anthu. Koma kodi angakhale bwanji ochirikiza ndale ndipo kwinaku nkukhalanso ochirikiza Ufumu wa Mulungu monga chiyembekezo chokha cha mtundu wa anthu? Mboni za Yehova zimalabadira mawu a mtumwi Paulo akuti: “Khalani ndi mbali m’kuvutika monga msilikali wabwino wa Kristu Yesu. Msilikali yemwe ali pantchito sadziloŵetsa m’zochita wamba, pakuti cholinga chake ndicho kukhutiritsa womlemba ntchito.”​—2 Timoteo 2:3, 4, Revised Standard Version, Kope la Ecumenical.

12. Kodi ndimbali iti ya kukhala olekana ndi dziko imene Mboni za Yehova zafanana ndi Akristu oyambirira?

¹² M’buku lake lakuti A History of Christianity, Profesa K. S. Latourette analemba kuti: “Imodzi ya nkhani zimene Akristu oyambirira anawombana ndi dziko la Agiriki ndi Aroma inali kutenga mbali m’nkhondo. Kwa zaka mazana atatu oyambirira palibe zolembedwa Zachikristu zimene zidakalipo m’nthaŵi yathu zimene zinachilikiza kutenga mbali m’nkhondo kwa Akristu.” Buku la Edward Gibbon lotchedwa The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire limati: “Kunali kosatheka kwa Akristu kukhala asilikali, oweruza, kapena olamulira, popanda kukana ntchito yawo yopatulika kwambiri.” Mboni za Yehova mofananamo zili ndi kaimidwe ka uchete kamphamvu ndipo zimatsatira malamulo a mkhalidwe a Baibulo ofotokozedwa pa Yesaya 2:2-4 ndi Mateyu 26:52.

13. Kodi nchinenezo chotani chimene chimaikidwa pa Mboni za Yehova, kodi zenizeni zimasonyeza chiyani?

¹³ Mboni za Yehova zimanenezedwa ndi adani awo kuti zimapasula mabanja. Zowona, pali nkhani zina zimene zimachititsa mabanja kugaŵikana pamene chiŵalo chimodzi kapena zoposapo za m’banja zikhala Mboni za Yehova. Yesu ananeneratu kuti zimenezi zikachitika. (Luka 12:51-53) Komabe, ziŵerengero zimasonyeza kuti maukwati amene amasweka pachifukwa chimenechi ali ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa Mboni za Yehova m’Falansa, ukwati 1 pa maukwati 3 pamakhala wamuukwati mmodzi amene sali Mboni. Komabe, chiŵerengero cha zisudzulo pakati pa maukwati osanganizikana amenewa sichimaposa chija cha zisudzulo za dziko lonselo. Chifukwa ninji? Atumwiwo Paulo ndi Petro anapereka uphungu wanzeru, wouziridwa kwa Akristu okwatirana ndi osakhulupirira, ndipo Mboni za Yehova zimayesetsa kulabadira mawu awo. (1 Akorinto 7:12-16; 1 Petro 3:1-4) Ngati ukwati wosanganizikana usweka, kaŵirikaŵiri amene amayambitsa chisudzulo amakhala winayo amene sali Mboni. Kumbali ina, maukwati zikwi zambiri apulumutsidwa chifukwa chakuti okwatiranawo anakhala Mboni za Yehova nayamba kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo amkhalidwe a Baibulo m’miyoyo yawo.

Akristu, Osati Okhulupirira Utatu

14. Kodi nchinenezo chotani chimene chinaikidwa pa Akristu oyambirira, ndipo kodi nchifukwa ninji chili chodabwitsa?

¹⁴ Nzodabwitsa kuti mu ulamuliro wa Roma, china cha zinenezo zoikidwa pa Akristu oyambirira chinali chakuti iwo sanali kukhulupirira kukhalapo kwa Mulungu. Dr. Augustus Neander akulemba kuti: “Okana  milungu, osakhulupirira kukhalako kwa Mulungu, . . . linali dzina lofala limene Akristu anapatsidwa pakati pa anthu.” Nkodabwitsa chotani nanga, kuti Akristu amene analambira Mlengi wamoyo, ndipo osati milungu yambiri, anatchedwa osakhulupirira Mulungu ndi akunja amene analambira ‘milungu yonama, yopangidwa ndi manja a anthu, ya mtengo ndi mwala.’​—Yesaya 37:19.

15, 16. (a) Kodi achipembedzo ena anenanji ponena za Mboni za Yehova, koma kodi zimenezi zimadzutsa funso lotani? (b) Kodi nchiyani chimene chimasonyeza kuti Mboni za Yehova zilidi Akristu?

¹⁵ Chodabwitsanso nchenicheni chakuti lerolino akuluakulu ena m’Dziko Lachikristu amakana kuti Mboni za Yehova zili Akristu. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti Mbonizo zimakana Utatu. Malinga ndi kumasulira kokondera kwa Dziko Lachikristu, “Akristu ali awo amene amavomereza Kristu kukhala Mulungu.” Mosiyana nzimenezi, dikishonale yamakono imamasulira dzina lakuti “Mkristu” kukhala “munthu amene amakhulupirira Yesu Kristu ndi amene amatsatira ziphunzitso zake” ndipo “Chikristu” kukhala “chipembedzo chozikidwa pa ziphunzitso za Yesu Kristu ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti iye anali mwana wa Mulungu.” Kodi ndigulu liti limene limayenerera kwambiri kalongosoledwe kameneka?

¹⁶ Mboni za Yehova zimavomereza umboni wa Yesu iyemwini wa amene iye ali. Iye anati: “Ndiri Mwana wa Mulungu,” osati, “Ndiri Mulungu Mwana.” (Yohane 10:36; yerekezerani ndi Yohane 20:31.) Izo zimavomereza mawu ouziridwa a mtumwi Paulo onena za Kristu kuti: “Amene, pokhala wampangidwe wa Mulungu, sanawone kulingana ndi Mulungu kukhala chinthu choti achilingalire.” * (Afilipi 2:6, The New Jerusalem Bible) Buku lakuti The Paganism in Our Christianity limati: “Yesu Kristu sanatchule konse chinthu choterocho [Utatu wa kulingana], ndipo palibe kulikonse mu Chipangano Chatsopano pamene liwu lakuti ‘Utatu’ limawonekera. Lingalirolo linangotengedwa ndi Tchalitchi zaka mazana atatu pambuyo pa imfa ya Ambuye wathu; ndipo magwero a lingalirolo ali achikunja kotheratu.” Mboni za Yehova zimavomereza chiphunzitso cha Baibulo ponena za Kristu. Izo zili Akristu, osati Okhulupirira Utatu.

Sizili mu Mgwirizano wa Matchalitchi

17. Kodi nchifukwa ninji Mboni za Yehova sizimagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa matchalitchi, kapena kuloŵana zikhulupiriro?

¹⁷ Zinenezo zina ziŵiri zoikidwa pa Mboni za Yehova nzakuti izo zimakana kukhala ndi phande mu mgwirizano wa matchalitchi ndipo amadziloŵetsa mumchitidwe wotchedwa “kutembenuza anthu koumiriza.” Zitonzo zonse ziŵirizi zinaikidwanso pa Akristu oyambirira. Dziko Lachikristu, limodzi ndi mbali zake za Akatolika, Aorthodox, ndi Aprotestanti, lili mosakanika mbali ya dziko lino. Mofanana ndi Yesu, Mboni za Yehova ‘sizili mbali ya dziko.’ (Yohane 17:14, NW) Kodi izo zingadziphatike bwanji kupyolera mwa mabungwe oloŵerana zikhulupiriro a zipembedzo zimene zimachirikiza makhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro zotsutsa Chikristu?

18. (a) Kodi nchifukwa ninji Mboni za Yehova sizingasulizidwe ponena kuti izo zokha ndizo zili ndi chipembedzo chowona? (b) Ngakhale amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi chipembedzo chowona, kodi nchiyani chimene a Roma Katolika alibe?

 ¹⁸ Kodi ndani amene ndichifukwa chomveka, angatsutse Mboni za Yehova kuti chipembedzo chawo sindicho chowona chokha, monga momwe chinaliri cha Akristu oyambirira? Ngakhale Tchalitchi cha Katolika, pamene kuli kwakuti mwachinyengo chimati chimagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa matchalitchi, icho chimanena kuti: “Timakhulupirira kuti chipembedzo chowona chokhachi chikupitiriza kukhalako m’Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi Atumwi, chimene Ambuye Yesu anapatsa thayo la kuchifalitsa kwa anthu onse pamene anati kwa atumwi: ‘Chifukwa chake mukani ndi kupanga ophunzira a mitundu yonse.’” (Vatican Council II, “Chilengezo cha Ufulu Wachipembedzo”) Komabe, mwachiwonekere chikhulupiriro choterocho sichimakhoza kuika mwa Akatolikawo changu chosazilala kuti chiwasonkhezere kukapanga ophunzira.

19. (a) Kodi Mboni za Yehova zili zotsimikiza mtima kuchitanji, ndipo ndi chifuno chotani? (b) Kodi tidzakambitsirana chiyani m’nkhani yotsatira?

¹⁹ Mboni za Yehova zili nacho changu choterocho. Izo zili zotsimikiza mtima kukachitira umboni malinga ngati Mulungu akufunabe kuti zitero. (Mateyu 24:14) Kuchitira umboni kwawo kuli kwachangu koma osati koumiriza. Kumasonkhezeredwa ndi chikondi kwa mnansi, osati chifukwa chakuda anthu. Iwo akufuna kuti anthu ochuluka monga momwe kungathekere apulumuke. (1 Timoteo 4:16) Mofanana ndi Akristu oyambirira, iwo amayesayesa ‘kukhala ndi mtendere ndi anthu onse.’ (Aroma 12:18) Nkhani yotsatira idzafotokoza mmene amachitira zimenezi.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

Kubwereza

◻ Kodi Akristu oyambirira anali ndi mikhalidwe yotani, ndipo kodi Mboni za Yehova zimafanana nawo motani?

◻ Kodi ndim’nkhani zotani zimene Mboni za Yehova zimasonyeza kuti zili nzika zabwino?

◻ Kodi olamulira anawalinganira motani Akristu oyambirira, ndipo kodi pali kusiyana kulikonse lerolino?

◻ Kodi chikhutiro chimene Mboni za Yehova zili nacho chakuti zili ndi chowonadi chazisonkhezera kuchitanji?

[Mafunso]

[Chithunzi patsamba 12]

Mboni za Yehova nzotsimikiza mtima kukachitira umboni malinga ngati Mulungu akufunabe kuti zitero

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Pilato anati: “Tawonani munthuyu”​—Amene sanali mbali ya dziko.​—Yohane 19:5

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

“Ecce Homo” ndi A. Ciseri: Florence, Galleria d’Arte Moderna / Alinari/​Art Resource, N.Y.