Kodi Apezanji pa Yezreeli?
Kodi Apezanji pa Yezreeli?
KWA zaka mazana ambiri mzinda wakale wa Yezreeli wakhala wabwinja. Panthaŵi inayake m’zochitika za m’Baibulo, unali mzinda wotchuka. Tsopano, pomwe ulibenso ulemerero wake wakalewo ndiponso ndi wokwiririka m’nthaka, wangokhala kaphiri kakang’ono. M’zaka zaposachedwapa ofukula mabwinja ayamba kufufuza mabwinja a Yezreeli. Kodi mabwinja ameneŵa amavumbulanji ponena za Baibulo?
Yezreeli m’Baibulo
Pokhala m’dera lakum’maŵa la Chigwa cha Yezreeli, mzinda wa Yezreeli unali m’chigawo chachonde kwambiri cha dziko lakale la Israyeli. Tsidya lina la chigwacho kumpoto kuli phiri la More kumene Amidyani anamanga misasa pokonzekera kuthira nkhondo Woweruza Gideoni ndi asilikali ake. Cha kum’maŵa pang’ono kuli chitsime cha Harodi, m’munsi mwa Phiri la Giliboa. Kumeneku n’kumene Yehova anadzachepetsa gulu lankhondo la Gideoni la asilikali zikwizikwi kukhala amuna 300 okha pofuna kusonyeza mphamvu zake zopulumutsa anthu ake popanda gulu lankhondo lamphamvu. (Oweruza 7:1-25; Zekariya 4:6) Chapafupipo, pa Phiri la Giliboa, Sauli, mfumu yoyamba ya Israyeli, inagonjetsedwa ndi Afilisti m’nkhondo yodabwitsa, pamene Yonatani ndi ana ake aamuna aŵiri anaphedwa ndipo Sauli anadzipha.—1 Samueli 31:1-5.
Nkhani za m’Baibulo zokhudza Yezreeli zimasonyeza kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwa anthu ake. Zimanena za kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwa ndi mpatuko wa olamulira a Israyeli komanso za kukhulupirika ndi changu cha atumiki a Yehova. Ndi ku Yezreeli kumene Mfumu Ahabu, wolamulira wa ufumu wakumpoto wa mafuko khumi a Israyeli chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lakhumi B.C.E., anamanga nyumba yake yachifumu, ngakhale kuti mwalamulo likulu la ufumuwo linali Samariya. (1 Mafumu 21:1) Ndi ku Yezreeli komweko kumene mneneri wa Yehova Eliya analandira mawu oopseza ochokera kwa Yezebeli, mkazi wachikunja wa Ahabu. Iye anakwiya chifukwa chakuti mopanda mantha Eliya anapha aneneri a Baala, pambuyo pochita mayeso osonyeza kuti Mulungu woona ndani amene Eliya anachititsa pa Phiri la Karimeli.—1 Mafumu 18:36–19:2.
Ndiyeno pa Yezreelipo panachitikanso mlandu wina waukulu. Naboti m’Yezreeli anaphedwa. Mfumu Ahabu ankasirira munda wamphesa wa Naboti. Mfumuyo itapempha kuti itenge mundawo, Naboti anayankha mokhulupirika kuti: “Pali Yehova, ndi pang’ono ponse ayi, kuti ndikupatseni choloŵa cha makolo anga.” Yankho limeneli lozikidwa pa malamulo linam’kwiyitsa kwambiri Ahabu. Ataona msunamo wa mfumu, Mfumukazi Yezebeli analinganiza bwalo lamilandu lopotoza malamulo, kuti liimbe Naboti mlandu wolaula. Naboti wopanda mlanduyo anam’semera mlandu ndipo anam’ponya miyala ndi kumupha, ndipo mfumuyo inatenga munda wake wamphesawo.—1 Mafumu 21:1-16.
Pachoipa chimene anachitachi, Eliya analosera kuti: “Agalu adzadya Yezebeli ku linga la Yezreeli.” Mneneriyo analengezanso kuti: “Mwana aliyense wa Ahabu amene adzafera m’mudzi, agalu 1 Mafumu 21:23-29) Nkhani ya m’Baibuloyo imasimbanso kuti m’masiku a Elisa, amene analoŵa m’malo mwa Eliya, Yehu anadzozedwa kukhala mfumu ya Israyeli. Pamene anali kuloŵa m’Yezreeli pagaleta, Yehu analamula kuti Yezebeli aponyedwe pansi kuchokera pazenera la nyumba yake yachifumu, ndipo akavalo anam’pondaponda. Pambuyo pake, anthu anadzapeza kuti agalu angosiyako bade, mapazi, ndi zikato za manja. (2 Mafumu 9:30-37) Chochitika chomaliza chosimbidwa m’Baibulo chokhudza Yezreeli mwachindunji chimasimba za kuphedwa kwa ana 70 mwa ana a Ahabu. Yehu anaunjika mitu yawo m’miyulu iŵiri yaikulu pachipata cha mzinda wa Yezreeli, ndiyeno pambuyo pake anapha amuna otsogolera komanso ansembe enanso ogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wam’patuko wa Ahabu.—2 Mafumu 10:6-11.
adzamudya. . . . Koma panalibe wina ngati Ahabu wakudzigulitsa kuchita choipa pamaso pa Yehova, amene Yezebeli mkazi wake anam’fulumiza.” Komabe, popeza Ahabu anadzichepetsa pamene Eliya analengeza chiweruzo cha Yehova, Yehova ananena kuti chilango chimenechi sichidzadza Ahabu adakali moyo. (Kodi Ofukula Mabwinja Apezanji?
Mu 1990 magulu aŵiri anagwirizana ndipo anayamba kufukula pamene panali mzinda wa Yezreeli. Maguluwo ndiwo a Institute of Archaeology ya pa Yunivesite ya Tel Aviv (loimiridwa ndi David Ussishkin) ndi British School of Archaeology ku Yerusalemu (loimiridwa ndi John Woodhead). Kwa zigawo zisanu ndi ziŵiri (chigawo chilichonse chinali kutenga milungu isanu ndi umodzi) pazaka za 1990-96, antchito ongodzipereka pakati pa 80 ndi 100 ankagwira ntchitoyo pamalopo.
Njira yamakono yopendera mabwinja ndiyo kufufuza zinthu zimene akupeza pamalopo mwa izo zokha, popanda kuzigwirizanitsa ndi malingaliro awo oyambirira ndi mafotokozedwe ena alionse. Chotero, kwa wofukula mabwinja amene akufufuza mayiko otchulidwa m’Baibulo, nkhani za m’Malemba sindizo zimakhala umboni waukulu wa nkhaniyo. Maumboni ena onse ndi zida zimene amapeza ziyenera kufufuzidwa ndi kusanthulidwa mosamala. Komabe, monga momwe John Woodhead akunenera, palibenso umboni wina wakale wolembedwa wonena za Yezreeli kupatulapo machaputala angapo a m’Baibulowo. Choncho nkhani za m’Baibulo ndi nthaŵi zimene limatchula ziyenera kuphatikizidwa pa kufufuza kulikonse. Kodi kuyesetsa kwa ofukulawo kwavumbulanji?
Pamene makoma ndi miphika zinafukulidwa, kuyambira pachiyambi zinayamba kuonekeratu kuti mabwinjawo anali a m’nyengo imene amaitcha Nyengo ya Zida Zachitsulo, kuwaika m’nthaŵi yolingana ndi Yezreeli wotchulidwa m’Baibulo. Koma popitiriza kufukulako, panali zinthu zingapo zodabwitsa. Chinthu choyamba chinali ukulu wa malowo ndi makoma ake aakuluwo. Ofukulawo ankayembekezera kupeza malo okhala ndi makoma olingana ndi Samariya wakale, likulu la ufumu wa Israyeli. Komabe, pamene anapitiriza kufukula, anapeza kuti Yezreeli unali mzinda waukulu kwambiri. Pokhala ndi malinga okwanira mamita 300 m’litali ndi mamita 150 m’bwambi, malo onse m’kati mwa malingawo anali aakulu kuŵirikiza nthaŵi zoposa
katatu powayerekeza ndi mzinda wina uliwonse umene anafukulapo m’Israyeli wochokera m’nthaŵiyo. Ngalande yopanda madzi inazungulira mzindawu, yomwe inali potsetsereka mamita 11 kuchokera pamalingawo. Malinga n’kunena kwa Pulofesa Ussishkin, ngalande imeneyi inali isanamangidwepo kwina kulikonse m’nthaŵi za m’Baibulo. “Kulibenso kwina kumene tikupeza chinthu ngati chimenechi m’Israyeli mpaka nthaŵi ya Nkhondo za Mtanda,” iye anatero.Chinthu chinanso chachilendo chinali chakuti pakatikati pa mzindawo panalibe zomangamanga zambiri. Milu yaikulu ya dothi lofiirira lomwe analibweretsa pomanga mzindawo analigwiritsa ntchito pomangira chiunda chathyathyathya, chonga pulatifomu, chokhalanso mumpanda. Second Preliminary Report (Lipoti Lachiŵiri Mwa Malipoti Oyambirira) lonena za kufukula kwa mzinda wa Tel Jezreel limanena kuti chiunda chachikulu chimenechi chingakhale umboni wakuti Yezreeli sanali chabe malo okhalako mfumu. Linati: “Tikufuna kupereka lingaliro lakuti Yezreeli anali likulu la zankhondo la asilikali a mfumu panthaŵi ya mafumu a mumzere wa Omri [Omri ndi mbadwa zake] . . . kumene asilikali a magaleta ndi apakavalo anali kukhala ndi kuphunzitsidwira.” Kungoona ukulu wa chiunda chimenechi, komanso ukulu wa mpanda wake, Woodhead akulingalira kuti limeneli liyenera kuti linali ngati bwalo laperete loonetserapo mphamvu za nkhondo za gulu lankhondo la magaleta lalikulu koposa m’dera la Middle East panthaŵiyo.
Zotsalira za chipata cha mzindawo zimene zinafukulidwa ndi chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwa ofukula mabwinja. Zikusonyeza poloŵera pomwe panali chipata chokhala ndi zipinda zinayi. Komabe, popeza kuti miyala yambiri pamalopo inawonongedwa m’kupita kwa zaka mazana ambiri, zomwe anapezazo sizikusonyeza kamangidwe kake kenikeni. Woodhead akulingalira kuti zotsalazo zikusonyeza kuti panali chipata chokhala ndi zipinda zisanu ndi chimodzi chakamangidwe kofanana ndi zipata zopezedwa pa Megido, Hazori, ndi Gezere. *
Zinthu zofukulidwazo zikusonyeza kuti mzinda wokhala pamalo abwino kwambiri umenewu, ponse paŵiri m’zankhondo komanso mwachilengedwe, sunakhalitse, zimene zinali zodabwitsa. Woodhead ananena motsindika kuti monga mzinda waukulu wamalinga, Yezreeli anakhalako panyengo imodzi yokha, kuti mzindawo unagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaka zingapo zokha. Zimenezi n’zosiyana kwambiri ndi malo ena ambiri ofunika otchulidwa m’Baibulo a m’Israyeli, monga Megido, Hazori, ndi likulu Samariya, amene anamangidwanso, kufutukulidwa, ndi kudzazidwa ndi anthu mobwerezabwereza panyengo zosiyanasiyana. N’chifukwa chiyani malo abwino kwambiri ameneŵa anasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira chotero? Woodhead akulingalira kuti Ahabu ndi mzere wake wa mafumu anali pafupi kumaliza chuma chonse chifukwa cha kuwononga kwawo magwero a chuma a mtunduwo. Zimenezi zinali zoonekeratu chifukwa cha ukulu womkitsa wa Yezreeli ndi mphamvu zake. Olamulira atsopano otsogozedwa ndi Yehu ayenera kuti anafuna kudzilekanitsa ndi zochita za Ahabu, chotero anausiya mzindawo.
Maumboni onse amene afukulidwa pakali pano akusonyeza kuti Yezreeli anali malo ofunika kwambiri a Israyeli m’Nyengo ya Zida Zachitsulo. Ukulu wake ndi malinga ake zimagwirizana ndi mafotokozedwe a m’Baibulo akuti anali malo achifumu otchuka okhalako Ahabu ndi Yezebeli. Zizindikiro zake zakuti munalibe anthu ochuluka panthaŵi imeneyi zikugwirizana ndi nkhani za m’Baibulo zonena za mzindawo kuti: Unatchuka mwamsanga mu ulamuliro wa Ahabu ndiyeno, Yehova atalamula, ukuoneka kuti unatsitsidwa mochititsa manyazi pamene Yehu “[a]nawakantha . . . otsala onse a nyumba ya Ahabu m’Yezreeli, ndi omveka ake onse, ndi odziŵana naye, ndi ansembe ake, mpaka sanatsala wa iye ndi mmodzi yense.”—2 Mafumu 10:11.
Nthaŵi Imene Yezreeli Anakhalako
“Pofukula mabwinja, n’kovuta kwambiri kupeza maziko enieni oŵerengera zaka,” anavomereza motero John Woodhead. Chotero pamene ofukula mabwinja asanthula zimene apeza pazaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri za kufukulako, amaziyerekeza ndi zimene zinapezeka m’mabwinja ena amene anafukulidwa. Zimenezi zapangitsa kuti mfundo zina zipendedwenso ndi kuyambitsa mtsutso. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chakuti kuchokera pamene wofukula mabwinja wa ku Israyeli Yigael Yadin anafukula Megido cha m’ma 1960 ndi kuchiyambi kwa ma 1970, anthu ambiri ofukula mabwinja anali otsimikizira kuti iye anali atapeza malinga ndi zipata za mizinda ya m’nthaŵi za Mfumu Solomo. Tsopano, malingawo, mitsuko, ndi zipata zopezedwa pa Yezreeli zikupangitsa anthu ena kukayikira mfundo imeneyo.
Mwachitsanzo, mitsuko yopezeka pa Yezreeli n’njofanana ndi imene inapezeka pa Megido imene Yadin anati ndi ya m’nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa Solomo. Kamangidwe ka zipatazo ndi ukulu wake n’zofanana pamalo aŵiriwo, mwinanso zosasiyana m’pang’ono pomwe. Woodhead anati: “Umboni wonse umene wapezeka ungatanthauze kuti Yezreeli anali wa m’nthaŵi ya Solomo kapena kuti zopezeka pamabwinja ena aŵiriwo [Megido ndi Hazori] ndi za m’nthaŵi ya Ahabu.” Popeza kuti Baibulo limaneneratu kuti Yezreeli ndi wa m’nthaŵi ya Ahabu, iye akuona kuti kuli bwinopo kuvomereza kuti zopezedwa zimenezi ndi za m’nthaŵi ya Ahabu. David Ussishkin anavomereza kuti: “Baibulo limanena kuti Solomo anamanga Megido—silinena kuti ndiye anamanga zipata zenizenizo.”
Kodi Mbiri ya Yezreeli Ingadziŵike?
Kodi zimene ofukula mabwinja apeza ndi mtsutso womwe watsatirapo zikupangitsa nkhani za m’Baibulo zonena za Yezreeli kapena Solomo kukhala zokayikitsa? Kwenikweni, kusiyana kwa zimene ofukula mabwinja apeza sikukukhudza nkhani ya m’Baibulo mwachindunji. Ofukula mabwinja amafufuza mbiri yakale pamaziko ena osiyana ndi a nkhani yosimbidwa m’Baibulo. Amafunsa mafunso ena ndipo amagogomezera zinthu zina. Tingayerekeze wophunzira Baibulo ndi wofukula mabwinja kukhala anthu apaulendo oyenda panjira zolowera kumalo osasiyana kwenikweni. Wina akuyendetsa galimoto pamsewu, winayo akuyenda m’mbali mwa msewu. Zinthu zimene akuyang’anitsitsa ndi zimene akusamala n’zosiyana. Komabe, nthaŵi zambiri onse aŵiri akukhala ndi malingaliro ofanana ndipo osati otsutsana. Kuyerekeza zimene oyenda ulendo aŵiriwo akupeza kungapereke chidziŵitso chosangalatsa.
Baibulo lili ndi mbiri yolembedwa ya zochitika ndi anthu akale; ofukula mabwinja amayesa kupeza chidziŵitso chokhudza zochitika zimenezo ndi anthu mwa kusanthula kotsala kena kalikonse ka zochitikazo kapena anthuwo komwe kangapezekebe m’nthaka. Komabe, zotsala zimenezi nthaŵi zambiri sizisonyeza zonse zofunika ndipo zimakhala zoti anthu angazimasulire mosiyanasiyana. Ponena za zimenezi, m’buku lake lakuti Archaeology of the Land of the Bible—10,000−586 B.C.E. (Kufukula Mabwinja a Mayiko a m’Baibulo—10,000-586 B.C.E.), Amihai Mazar anati: “Kufukula mabwinja kwenikweniko . . . ndi khama basi komanso kumafuna maphunziro ndi ukatswiri. Palibe njira imodzi yeniyeni imene ingakhale yodalirika, ndiponso kusaumirira malingaliro amodzimodzi ndi kulingalira mozama kwa otsogolera kufukulako n’zofunika kwambiri. Umunthu, luso, ndi kupenda bwino zinthu kwa wofukula mabwinja n’zofunika kwambiri mofanana ndi maphunziro ake ndi njira zimene angathe kugwiritsa ntchito.”
Ofukula mabwinja asonyeza umboni wakuti malo aakulu okhalako mfumu ndi likulu la gulu lankhondo analikodi ku Yezreeli, malo amene modabwitsa anakhalako kwa nthaŵi yochepa panthaŵi yofanana ndi ya ulamuliro wa Ahabu—mongadi momwe Baibulo limasimbira. Mafunso ena ovuta abuka amene ofukula mabwinja mwina adzakhala akufufuza mayankho ake pazaka zimene zikudzazi. Ngakhale zili motero, masamba a Mawu a Mulungu, Baibulo, akupitirizabe kuyankhula momveka bwino, kusimba nkhaniyo mwatsatanetsatane m’njira imene ofukula mabwinja sangathe.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
^ ndime 13 Onani nkhani yakuti “Chinsinsi Cha Zipatazo” mu Nsanja ya Olonda ya August 15, 1988.
[Zithunzi patsamba 26]
Zofukulidwa m’mabwinja ku Yezreeli
[Chithunzi patsamba 28]
Fano lachikanani lomwe linapezedwa m’mabwinja pa Yezreeli