Mauthenga Abwino—Mbiri Kapena Nthano?
Mauthenga Abwino—Mbiri Kapena Nthano?
KUZUNGULIRA dziko lonse lapansi nkhani ya Yesu wa ku Nazarete—mwamuna wachinyamata amene anasintha mbiri ya anthu—n’njolukanalukana m’chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ili mbali ya maphunziro akusukulu komanso maphunziro operekedwa panthaŵi ina iliyonse. Ambiri amaona Mauthenga Abwino kukhala akasupe a mfundo zosasinthika za choonadi ndi mawu anzeru, monga mawu akuti, “Manenedwe anu akhale, Inde, inde; Iyayi, iyayi.” (Mateyu 5:37) Eetu, nkhani za m’Mauthenga Abwino zingakhale maziko a maphunziro amene makolo anu anakuphunzitsani, kaya anali Akristu kapena ayi.
Kwa mamiliyoni a anthu oona mtima otsatira Kristu, Mauthenga Abwino ndiwo alongosola munthu amene iwo akhala okonzeka kum’vutikira ndi kum’fera. Mauthenga Abwino ndiwonso maziko ndi chisonkhezero cha kulimba mtima, kupirira, chikhulupiriro, ndi chiyembekezo. Chotero, kodi simungavomereze kuti pangafunikire umboni wosatsutsika kuti nkhani zimenezi zitchedwe nthano wamba? Poona mphamvu yaikulu imene nkhani za m’Mauthenga Abwino zakhala nayo pa malingaliro ndi makhalidwe a anthu, kodi simungafune kuona umboni wotsimikizirika ngati wina akufuna kukupangitsani kuti mukayikire nkhanizo?
Tikukupemphani kuti mulingalire mafunso angapo ozama okhudza Mauthenga Abwino. Dzionereni nokha zimene ophunzira ena a Mauthenga Abwino amaganiza ponena za nkhani zimenezi, ngakhale kuti ena a iwo sanena kuti ndi Akristu. Kenako mudziŵa nokha zoona zake mutamva mfundo zonse.
MAFUNSO OFUNIKA KUWAGANIZIRA
◆ Kodi Mauthenga Abwino anangopekedwa mwaluso?
Robert Funk, amene anayambitsa Msonkhano wa Yesu, anati: “Mateyu, Marko, Luka ndi Yohane ‘analongosola Mesiya’ m’njira yoti am’pangitse kukhala wogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chachikristu chomwe chinasintha pambuyo pa imfa ya Yesu.” Komabe, pamene Mauthenga Abwino anali kulembedwa, ambiri amene anamva zonena za Yesu, anaona zochita zake, ndiponso anamuona ataukitsidwa anali akadali amoyo. Iwo sanaimbe mlandu olemba Mauthenga Abwino kuti anachita chinyengo.
Talingalirani za imfa ndi kuukitsidwa kwa Kristu. Si Mauthenga Abwino okha amene ali ndi nkhani zodalirika za imfa ndi kuukitsidwa kwa Yesu komanso kalata yoyamba yovomerezedwa monga mbali ya Malemba yomwe mtumwi Paulo analembera Akristu ku Korinto wakale. Iye analemba kuti: “Ndinapereka kwa inu poyamba, chimenenso ndinalandira, kuti Kristu anafera zoipa zathu, monga mwa malembo; ndi kuti anaikidwa; ndi kuti anaukitsidwa tsiku lachitatu, monga mwa malembo; ndi kuti anaonekera kwa Kefa; pamenepo kwa khumi ndi aŵiriwo; pomwepo anaoneka pa nthaŵi imodzi kwa abale oposa mazana asanu, amene ochuluka a iwo akhala kufikira tsopano, koma ena agona; pomwepo anaonekera kwa Yakobo; pamenepo kwa atumwi onse; ndipo potsiriza pake pa onse, anaoneka kwa inenso monga mtayo.” (1 Akorinto 15:3-8) Mboni zimenezi ndizo zinali kudziŵa zonse zomwe zinachitika zokhudza moyo wa Yesu.
M’Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki mulibe nkhani zopeka zimene otsutsa amakono amatchula. M’malo mwake, nkhani zoterozo zimapezeka m’zolembedwa za m’zaka za m’ma 100 C.E. Chotero, nkhani zosakhala za m’Malemba zosimba moyo wa Kristu zinalembedwa pamene anthu olekanitsidwa ndi mpingo wa atumwi anapatuka pa Chikristu choona.—Machitidwe 20:28-30.
◆ Kodi nkhani za m’Mauthenga Abwino zingakhale nthano?
Wolemba nkhani amenenso ndi wofufuza C. S. Lewis anaona kuti n’kovuta kuona Mauthenga Abwino ngati nthano wamba. “Monga katswiri wa zolembedwa zamakedzana ndili ndi chitsimikizo chonse chakuti mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, Mauthenga Abwino si nthano,” analemba motero. “Sanalembedwe mokometseredwa moti angakhale nthano. . . . Zambiri zokhudzana ndi moyo wa Yesu sitikuzidziŵa, ndipo palibe anthu amene akupeka nthano ya munthu wongoyerekeza amene angalole zimenezo kukhala motero.” N’zochititsanso chidwi kuti katswiri wa mbiri yakale wotchukayo H. G. Wells, ngakhale samadziyesa Mkristu, anavomereza kuti: “Onse anayi [olemba Mauthenga Abwino] akutipatsa chithunzi cha umunthu umodzimodzi; akupereka . . . mfundo zokhutiritsa.”
Lingalirani zomwe zinachitika pamene Yesu woukitsidwayo anaonekera kwa ophunzira ake. Wopeka nthano waluso mwina akanati Yesu ataukitsidwa anaonekera mochititsa chidwi kwa wina aliyense, anakamba nkhani yogwira mtima, kapena kuti anaoneka kukhala wowala ndi waulemerero. M’malo mwake, olemba Mauthenga Abwino amangom’fotokoza kuti anaimirira kutsogolo kwa ophunzira ake. Kenako anafunsa kuti: “Ananu, muli nako kanthu kakudya kodi?” (Yohane 21:5) Katswiri wina Gregg Easterbrook anamaliza ndi mawu akuti: “Zimenezi ndi zina mwa mfundo zosonyeza kuti nkhaniyi ndi yeniyeni, osati nthano wamba.”
Kuneneza Mauthenga Abwino kuti ndi nthano zopeka kumatsutsananso ndi kaphunzitsidwe kosamala kwambiri ka arabi kamene kanali kowanda panthaŵi yomwe Mauthenga Abwino ankalembedwa. Njira imeneyo inkagogomeza kwambiri kuphunzira mwa kuloŵeza pamtima—kuloŵeza mwa kutchula mawu mobwerezabwereza. Zimenezi zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti zonena ndi zochita za Yesu zinalembedwa molondola ndi mosamala ndipo osati kuti anawonjezamo mfundo zina.
◆ Ngati Mauthenga Abwino ali nthano zopeka, kodi akanalembedwa mwamsanga chotero pambuyo pa imfa ya Yesu?
Malinga ndi umboni womwe ulipo, Mauthenga Abwino analembedwa pakati pa zaka za 41 ndi 98 C.E. Yesu anafa m’chaka cha 33 C.E. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti nkhani za moyo wake zinalembedwa nthaŵi yochepa atamaliza utumiki wake. Zimenezi zikutsutsa mwamphamvu mfundo yakuti nkhani za m’Mauthenga Abwino ndi nthano wamba. Pamapita nthaŵi yaitali kuti nthano ikhazikike n’kumaoneka ngati yoona. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni titenge nthano za Iliad ndi Odyssey zolembedwa ndi Homer, wandakatulo wachigiriki. Ena amanena kuti mawu a nthano zazitali zimenezo anawonjezeka ndiponso anakhazikika pa zaka mazana ambiri. Bwanji ponena za Mauthenga Abwino?
M’buku lake lakuti Caesar and Christ (Kaisara ndi Kristu), wolemba mbiri Will Durant analemba kuti: “Zoti anthu wamba ochepa . . . anangopeka nkhani ya munthu wosonkhezera kwambiri ndi wosangalatsa chotero, nkhani yosonyeza khalidwe lapamwamba chotero ndi chithunzi champhamvu cha ubale wa anthu ngati chimenecho, zingakhale chozizwitsa chachikulu kwambiri kuposa china chilichonse cholembedwa m’Mauthenga Abwino. Pambuyo pa zaka mazana aŵiri za maphunziro apamwamba ofufuza Baibulo mfundo zazikulu zokhudza moyo, umunthu, ndi chiphunzitso cha Kristu, zikadali zotsatirikabe, ndipo zimapanga mbali yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ya mbiri ya anthu a Kumadzulo.”
◆ Kodi Mauthenga Abwino anadzasinthidwa pambuyo pake kuti agwirizane ndi zosoŵa za Akristu oyambirira?
Otsutsa ena amanena kuti zochitika za ndale m’nthaŵi ya Akristu oyambirirawo zinapangitsa olemba Mauthenga Abwino kusintha nkhani ya Yesu kapena kuwonjezamo mfundo zawo. Komabe, kufufuzabe Mauthenga Abwino mosamala kukusonyeza kuti kusintha nkhani koteroko sikunachitike. Ngati nkhani za m’Mauthenga Abwino zokhudza Yesu zinasinthidwa mwachinyengo ndi Akristu a m’zaka za zana loyamba, nanga mawu onena Ayuda ndi Akunja omwe akupezekamo bwanji?
Chitsanzo chimodzi chikupezeka pa Mateyu 6:5-7, pamene pamanena kuti Yesu anati: “Pamene mupemphera, musakhale monga onyengawo; chifukwa iwo akonda kuimirira ndi kupemphera m’masunagoge, ndi pa mphambano za makwalala, kuti aonekere kwa anthu. Indetu ndinena kwa inu, Iwo alandiriratu mphotho zawo.” Kumenekutu kunali kutsutsa atsogoleri achipembedzo achiyuda. Yesu anapitiriza kunena kuti: “Popemphera musabwerezebwereze chabe iyayi, monga amachita anthu akunja, chifukwa ayesa kuti adzamvedwa ndi kulankhulalankhula kwawo.” Pogwira mawu ameneŵa a Yesu, olemba Mauthenga Abwino sanali kuyesa kutembenuza anthu. Iwo anali kungolemba mawu amene Yesu Kristu anatchuladi.
Lingaliraninso za nkhani za m’Mauthenga Abwino zokhudza akazi amene anapita kumanda a Yesu napeza kuti mulibe kanthu. (Marko 16:1-8) Malinga ndi Gregg Easterbrook, “m’chikhalidwe chakale ku Middle East, umboni wa akazi unali kuonedwa ngati wosadalirika: mwachitsanzo, mboni ziŵiri zachimuna zinali zokwanira posonyeza kuti mkazi anachitadi chigololo, pamene palibe umboni wa mkazi umene ukanasonyeza kuti mwamuna anachitadi chigololo.” Ndithudi, ophunzira enieniwo a Yesu sanakhulupirire akaziwo! (Luka 24:11) Chotero sizingatheke kuti nkhani ngati imeneyo inangopekedwa.
Popeza kuti m’makalata a atumwi ndi m’buku la Machitidwe simupezeka mafanizo, imeneyo ndi mfundo yamphamvu yosonyeza kuti mafanizo opezeka m’Mauthenga Abwino sanaikidwemo ndi Akristu oyambirira koma anatchulidwa ndi Yesu mwini. Kuwonjezera apo, kuyerekeza bwino Mauthenga Abwino ndi makalatawo kumasonyeza kuti mawu a Paulo kapena a anthu ena omwe analemba Malemba Achigiriki sanasinthidwe mwaluso pofuna kunena kuti Yesu ndiye anawanena. Koma ngati Akristu oyambirira anachita zimenezo, nkhani zina za m’makalatawo tiyenera kuyembekeza kuzipezanso m’Mauthenga Abwino. Popeza kuti sitikuzipeza, tinganenedi kuti nkhani za m’Mauthenga Abwino n’zomwe zinachitikadi ndiponso n’zoonadi.
◆ Nanga bwanji za nkhani za m’Mauthenga Abwino zomwe zimaoneka ngati kuti zikutsutsana?
Kwa nthaŵi yaitali, otsutsa akhala akunena kuti Mauthenga Abwino n’ngodzaza ndi nkhani zotsutsana. Durant, katswiri wa mbiri yakale, anafufuza nkhani za m’Mauthenga Abwino ataziika kaye pamalo ake oyenerera—monga zolembedwa za mbiri yakale. Ngakhale akunena kuti muli nkhani zina zooneka ngati zotsutsana, iye pomalizira pake anati: “Mfundo zotsutsanazo ndi mfundo zing’onozing’ono [zosafunika kwenikweni], osati mfundo zazikulu; mauthenga abwino amagwirizana bwino kwambiri pamfundo zonse zofunika, ndipo amapereka chithunzi chimodzimodzi cha Kristu.”
Mfundo zooneka ngati zotsutsana m’Mauthenga Abwino nthaŵi zambiri zikafufuzidwa zimapezeka mwamsanga kuti sizikutsutsana n’komwe. Mwachitsanzo: Mateyu 8:5 amanena kuti “anadza kwa [Yesu] kenturiyo, nam’pemba iye” kuti achiritse wantchito wake. Pa Luka 7:3, timaŵerenga kuti kenturiyo ameneyo “anatuma kwa [Yesu] akulu a Ayuda, nam’funsa Iye kuti adze kupulumutsa kapolo wake.” Kenturiyo anatuma akulu monga omuimira. Mateyu akunena kuti kenturiyo iyemwini anapempha Yesu chifukwa chakuti mwamunayo anapereka pempho lake kudzera mwa akulu, amene anatumikira monga om’lankhulira. Ichi n’chitsanzo chimodzi chokha chosonyeza kuti nkhani za mu Mauthenga zimene amati zikutsutsana zimapezeka kuti sizikutsutsana.
Nanga bwanji zonena za akatswiri otsutsa Baibulo zakuti Mauthenga Abwino sakwanira kukhala mbiri yeniyeni? Durant anapitiriza kuti: “Potengeka maganizo ndi zimene akupeza, akatswiri ofufuza ndi kutsutsa Baibulo achita mayeso apamwamba koposa pofuna kuona ngati Chipangano Chatsopano n’choonadi, mayeso oti kuwagwiritsa ntchito pofufuza amuna ambirimbiri a m’nthaŵi zakale—mwachitsanzo, Hammurabi, Davide, Socrates—amunawo angaoneke ngati a m’nthano wamba. Ngakhale kuti olemba Mauthenga Abwino anali ndi malingaliro olakwika m’nkhani zachipembedzo ndi zina, iwo analemba zochitika zambiri zimene anthu opeka nkhani wamba akanabisa—kupikisana kwa atumwi kaamba ka malo apamwamba mu Ufumu, kuthaŵa kwawo Yesu atamangidwa, kukana Yesu kwa Petro . . . Palibe woŵerenga nkhanizi amene angakayikire kuti munthu wotchulidwa m’nkhani zonsezi analidi weniweni.”
◆ Kodi Chikristu chamakono chikuimira Yesu wa m’Mauthenga Abwino?
Msonkhano wa Yesu wanena kuti kafukufuku wake wa Mauthenga Abwino “sukukhudzana ndi mfundo za misonkhano ya mabungwe a tchalitchi.” Koma katswiri wa mbiri yakale Wells anazindikira kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziphunzitso za Yesu monga momwe zilili m’Mauthenga Abwino ndi ziphunzitso za Matchalitchi Achikristu. Iye analemba kuti: “Palibe umboni wakuti atumwi a Yesu anamvapo n’komwe Yesu akutchula za Utatu—m’njira ina iliyonse. . . . Ndiponso [Yesu] sananenepo kalikonse ponena za kulambira amayi wake Maria, monga momwe anthu ankalambirira Isis, Mfumukazi yakumwamba. Zonse zomwe zimachitikachitika m’kulambira kwachikristu ndi zomwenso amagwiritsa ntchito, iye anazinyalanyaza.” Chotero, munthu sangagwiritse ntchito ziphunzitso za Matchalitchi Achikristu monga muyezo wa kufunika kwa Mauthenga Abwino.
MUKUTIPO BWANJI?
Mutapenda mfundo zotchulidwazo, kodi inuyo mukuganizapo bwanji? Kodi pali umboni weniweni, wokhutiritsa wakuti Mauthenga Abwino ndi nthano wamba? Ambiri amaona kuti mafunso ndiponso zokayika zomwe ena amatchula ponena za kukhulupiririka kwa Mauthenga Abwino n’zopanda maziko komanso zosakhutiritsa. Kuti mudziŵe choti munene panokha, muyenera kuŵerenga Mauthenga Abwino musanaweruziretu kaye m’malingaliro mwanu. (Machitidwe 17:11) Pamene mufufuza kusasinthasintha, kuona mtima, ndi kulongosoka kumene Mauthenga Abwino ali nako posonyeza umunthu wa Yesu, mudzazindikira kuti nkhani zimenezi sizongopeka. *
Mutafufuza Baibulo bwinobwino ndi kutsatira uphungu wake, mudzaona mmene lidzawongolera moyo wanu. (Yohane 6:68) Makamaka mawu a Yesu olembedwa m’Mauthenga Abwino adzachitadi zimenezo. Komanso, m’Baibulomo mudzaphunziramo za tsogolo losangalatsa lomwe lasungidwira anthu omvera.—Yohane 3:16; 17:3, 17.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
^ ndime 29 Onani mitu 5 mpaka 7 m’buku lakuti Baibulo—Kodi Ndilo Mawu a Mulungu Kapena a Munthu? ndi bulosha lakuti Buku la Anthu Onse. Onse ndi ofalitsidwa ndi Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
[Bokosi patsamba 7]
Umboni wa Kulemba Nkhani Zoonadi
ZAKA zingapo zapitazo wolemba nkhani wina ku Australia amenenso kale anali wotsutsa Baibulo anavomereza kuti: “Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m’moyo wanga ndinachita udindo womwe mwachibadwa uyenera kukhala udindo woyambirira wa munthu wolemba nkhani: ndinafufuza mfundo zanga. . . . Ndipo ndinazizwa kwambiri, chifukwa ndinaona kuti zimene ndinali kuŵerenga [m’Mauthenga Abwino] sizinali nthanonso ayi ndipo sizinali nkhani zopeka zongomveka ngati zenizeni. Zinali nkhani zenizeni. Nkhani za zinthu zodabwitsa zosimbidwa ndi anthu enieniwo amene anachita zinthuzo kapena amene anaziona ndi kumva . . . Kusimba nkhani zoti zinachitikadi kumaonekeratu, ndipo Mauthenga Abwino amaonekeratu kuti ndi otero.”
Mofananamo, E. M. Blaiklock, pulofesa wa zolembedwa zachigiriki ndi zachiroma zamakedzana wa pa Yunivesite ya Auckland, anatchula mfundo yake, nati: “Ndimati ndine wodziŵa za mbiri yakale. Zolembedwa zachigiriki ndi zachiroma zamakedzana ndimazitenga ngati mbiri yakale. Ndipo kukuuzani zoona, umboni wa moyo, imfa, ndi kuukitsidwa kwa Kristu ndi wochirikizidwa bwino lomwe kuposanso nkhani zochuluka za m’mbiri yakale.”
[Mapu/Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]
(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)
FOINIKE
GALILEYA
Mtsinje wa Yordano
YUDEYA
[Zithunzi]
“Umboni wa moyo, imfa, ndi kuukitsidwa kwa Kristu ndi wochirikizidwa bwino lomwe kuposanso nkhani zochuluka za m’mbiri yakale.”—PULOFESA E. M. BLAIKLOCK
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Mapu aakulu: Ozikidwa pa mapu a Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est. and Survey of Israel.