Buku Lokhala ndi Mabuku Onse a M’Baibulo

PA NTCHITO yopanga mabaibulo, Akristu oyambirira anali patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito codex yomwe inali buku osati mpukutu ayi. Koma si kuti Akristu anangoyamba kamodzi n’kamodzi kuika Malembo Opatulika onse m’buku limodzi. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa kupanga buku limodzi la Baibulo lonse, lomwe n’lofala tsopano, inachitika m’zaka za m’ma 500 ndi Flavius Cassiodorus.

Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus, anabadwa cha mu 485-490 C.E. m’banja lolemera ku Calabria kumwera kwenikweni kwa dziko lomwe tsopano ndi Italy. Anakhalako m’nthaŵi ya chisokonezo kwambiri ku Italy, pamene m’dzikolo munali Agoti, kenako ufumu wa Byzantine. Pamene anali ndi zaka 60 kapena 70, Cassiodorus anakhazikitsa nyumba ya agulupa ya Vivarium ndi laibulale pafupi ndi nyumba yake ku Squillace, Calabria.

Wolemba Baibulo Wosamala Kwambiri

Chimene Cassiodorus ankafuna kwambiri chinali kupeza njira imene anthu angapezere Baibulo. Wolemba mbiri yakale Peter Brown anati, “Malinga ndi maganizo a Cassiodorus, njira zonse zophunzitsira chikhalidwe chachilatini zinayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsira Malemba. Njira zonse zophunzirira ndi kukopera nkhani zakale, zinayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomvetsetsa Malemba ndi kuwakopera mwanzeru. Monga dongosolo latsopano la mapulaneti, chikhalidwe chonse chachilatini chinayenera kumazungulira dzuŵa lalikulu la Mawu a Mulungu.”

Cassiodorus anasonkhanitsa otembenuza ndi odziŵa galamala panyumba ya agulupa ya Vivarium kuti asonkhanitse mbali zonse za Baibulo, kuzifufuza mosamala, ndi kuyang’anira ntchito yolemba yofunika kusamala kwambiriyi. Ntchitoyi anaipereka kwa anthu ophunzira oŵerengeka. Anthu ameneŵa anayenera kupewa kukonza mofulumira malembo omwe ankaoneka ngati olakwika. Ngati anali ndi funso lokhudza galamala, amafufuza kwambiri m’zolemba zakale za Baibulo kuposa m’galamala yachilatini yomwe inali kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthaŵiyo. Cassiodorus analangiza anthuwo kuti: “Kalembedwe kachilendo ka mawu . . . sikayenera kusinthidwa poti malembo odziŵika kuti n’ngouziridwa, sitingayembekezere kuti analakwika. . . . Njira zofotokozera zinthu za m’Baibulo, mafanizo, ndi mikuluŵiko yake, siziyenera kusinthidwa ngakhale zikuoneka zachilendo m’chilatini, monga mmene zilili ndi mayina achihebri.”​—The Cambridge History of the Bible.

Baibulo la Codex Grandior

Okopera Baibulo pa nyumba ya agulupa ya Vivarium anatumidwa kupanga mitundu itatu yosiyanasiyana ya Baibulo la Chilatini. Mtundu woyamba, Baibulo lonse linalembedwa m’mabuku asanu ndi anayi, omwe ayenera kuti analembedwa m’Chilatini Chakale chopezeka cha kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 100 C.E. Wachiŵiri unaphatikizapo Baibulo la Chilatini lotchedwa Vulgate lomwe linamalizidwa ndi Jerome kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 400 C.E. Lachitatu linali Codex Grandior, kutanthauza “codex yaikulu,” lomwe analikopera kuchokera m’mabaibulo a mitundu itatu. M’mitundu iŵiri yomalizayo, anasonkhanitsira Baibulo lonse m’buku limodzi.

 Zikuoneka kuti Cassiodorus ndiye anali woyamba kupanga Baibulo limodzi la Chilatini. * Mosakayikira, anaona kufunika koika mabuku onse a Baibulo m’buku limodzi, kuthetsa ntchito yotayitsa nthaŵi yotsegula mabuku angapo.

Kuchokera Kumwera kwa Italy Mpaka ku British Isles

Cassiodorus atangomwalira (mwinamwake cha mu 583 C.E.), ulendo wa Codex Grandior unayambika. Akuti panthaŵiyo, mbali ina ya laibulale ya Vivarium anali ataisamutsira ku laibulale ya Lateran ku Rome. Mu 678 C.E., mkulu wa agulupa yemwe anali mngelezi wachijeremani wotchedwa Ceolfrith, anatenga codex pa ulendo wobwerera ku British Isles kuchokera ku Rome komwe ankakhala. Choncho codex ija inafika ku nyumba ziŵiri za agulupa za Wearmouth ndi Jarrow, zomwe wotsogolera wake anali Ceolfrith, m’dera lomwe tsopano ndi Northumbria, ku England.

Baibulo limeneli la Cassiodorus, liyenera kuti linam’chititsa chidwi kwambiri Ceolfrith ndi agulupa ake, ndipo analikonda chifukwa linali losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Choncho, m’kati mwa zaka makumi ochepa chabe, anapanga mabaibulo ena atatu. Baibulo limodzi lokha lomwe lidakalipo mpaka lero, ndi lalikulu lotchedwa Codex Amiatinus. Lili ndi masamba 2,060 achikopa cha ng’ombe, tsamba lililonse n’lalikulu masentimita 51 m’litali ndi 33 m’lifupi. Kuphatikiza ndi zikuto zake, n’lochindikala masentimita 25 ndipo n’lolemera makilogalamu oposa 34. Ndilo Baibulo la Chilatini lokhalo lakale kwambiri lomwe lilipobe. Wophunzira za Baibulo wa m’ma 1800 Fenton J. A. Hort anazindikira codex mu 1887. Iye anati: “Ngakhale kwa munthu wamakono, Baibuloli n’lodabwitsa kwambiri.”

Kubwerera ku Italy

Codex Grandior yoyambirira ya Cassiodorus siipezekanso tsopano. Koma yachiŵiri yake yolembedwa ndi angelezi achijeremani Codex Amiatinus, inayamba ulendo wobwerera ku Italy itangomalizidwa. Kanthaŵi kochepa asanamwalire, Ceolfrith anaganiza zobwerera ku Rome. Paulendowu, iye anatenga limodzi la mabaibulo ake atatu olemba pamanja achilatini monga mphatso kwa Papa Gregory Wachiŵiri. Ceolfrith anamwalira pa ulendowu mu 716 C.E, ku Langres m’dziko la France. Koma anthu omwe anayenda naye anapitirizabe ulendowo limodzi ndi Baibulo lija. Mapeto ake, codex ija inaikidwa m’laibulale panyumba ya agulupa ya Mount Amiata, m’dera lapakati ku Italy, komwe inatchedwa Codex Amiatinus. Mu 1782, Baibulo lolembedwa pamanja limeneli analisamutsira ku laibulale ya Medicean-Laurentian ku Florence m’dziko la Italy, komwe mpaka pano lili buku la mtengo wapatali kwambiri m’laibulaleyo.

Kodi Codex Grandior ikutikhudza motani? Kuchokera m’nthaŵi ya Cassiodorus, anthu okopera ndi kusindikiza mabuku akhala akukonda kwambiri kupanga Buku limodzi lokhala ndi mabuku onse a m’Baibulo. Mpaka lero, Baibulo la mtundu umenewu lapangitsa kuti anthu aziliŵerenga mosavuta ndi kupindula ndi mphamvu yake m’moyo mwawo.​—Ahebri 4:12.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mapu patsamba 29]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Ulendo wa Codex Grandior

Nyumba ya agulupa ya Vivarium

Rome

Jarrow

Wearmouth

Ulendo wa Codex Amiatinus

Jarrow

Wearmouth

Phiri la Amiata

Florence

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Zithunzi patsamba 30]

Pamwamba: Codex Amiatinus Kumanzere: Chithunzi cha Ezara m’Baibulo la Codex Amiatinus

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Firenze