Origen​—Kodi Chiphunzitso Chake Chinakhudza Tchalitchi Motani?

“Anali mtsogoleri wolemekezeka kwambiri wa Tchalitchi pambuyo pa imfa ya Atumwi.” Ndi mmene Jerome, yemwe anatembenuza Baibulo lachilatini la Vulgate, anatamandira Origen, katswiri wa zaumulungu wa m’zaka za m’ma 200. Koma ena sanam’lemekeze chonchi Origen. Ena anamuona kukhala gwero loipa kwambiri la mpatuko wamtundu uliwonse. Malinga ndi wolemba mabuku wina wa m’zaka za m’ma 1600, anthu otsutsa Origen anati: “Kwakukulukulu, ziphunzitso zake n’zosamveka komanso n’zowononga. Ndi ululu woopsa wa Njoka, umene anasanzira padziko.” Ndipo, zaka zoposa 400 iye atamwalira, akuluakulu a tchalitchi anati Origen anali wampatuko.

KODI n’chifukwa chiyani Origen anachititsa chidwi komanso anayambitsa chidani? Kodi anali ndi mphamvu zotani pa zomwe matchalitchi amaphunzitsa?

Wachangu pa za Tchalitchi

Origen anabadwa cha m’ma 185 C.E. mu mzinda wa Alexandria ku Egypt. Anaphunzira mabuku achigiriki mozama kwambiri, koma atate wake, a Leonides, anam’limbikitsa kudziperekanso mofananamo pophunzira Malembo. Pamene Origen anali ndi zaka 17, mfumu ya Roma inakhazikitsa lamulo loti kusintha chipembedzo n’kulakwa. Atate wake a Origen anawatsekera m’ndende chifukwa choti panthaŵiyo anali atakhala Mkristu. Polimba mtima ndi maganizo aunyamata, Origen anati akakhala nawo limodzi m’ndendemo ndiponso kufera chikhulupiriro limodzi nawo. Mayi ake ataona zimenezi, anam’bisira zovala kuti asachoke panyumba. Origen anachonderera atate wake pakalata, kuti: “Onetsetsani kuti musasinthe maganizo polingalira za ife.” A Leonides analimbabe mtima ndipo anawanyonga, n’kusiya banja lawo paumphaŵi wadzaoneni. Komabe, panthaŵiyi n’kuti Origen atazama ndithu ndi maphunziro ake moti chifukwa chophunzitsa za mabuku achigiriki iye anatha kuthandiza mayi ake ndiponso ang’ono ake aamuna asanu ndi mmodzi.

Cholinga cha mfumu chinali kulepheretsa Chikristu kufalikira. Popeza kuti lamulo la mfumu silinali longolimbana ndi ophunzira okha koma ndi aphunzitsi omwe, alangizi onse a chipembedzo chachikristu anathaŵa ku Alexandria. Pamene anthu omwe sanali Akristu, omwe ankafuna uphungu wa m’Malemba anapempha chithandizo kwa Origen wachinyamatayo, iye anasangalala ndi ntchitoyi akumati yachokera kwa Mulungu. Ambiri mwa ophunzira ake anafera chikhulupiriro, ndipo ena anafa asanamalize n’komwe maphunziro awo. Mwa kuika moyo wake pachiswe, Origen ankalimbikitsa ophunzira ake poyerayera, kaya panthaŵi yoweruzidwa, ali m’ndende, kapenanso atatsala pang’ono kuti anyongedwe. Eusebius, wolemba mbiri wa m’zaka za m’ma 300, analemba kuti panthaŵi yomwe amapita nawo kokawanyonga, Origen, “molimba mtima, ankawatsazika mwa kuwapsompsona.”

 Origen anakhumudwitsa anthu ambiri omwe sanali Akristu, omwe ankati iye ndiye watembenuza ndi kuphetsa mabwenzi awo. Akanaphedwa pa ziwembu ndiponso pa ziwawa, koma kaŵirikaŵiri ankapulumuka mwa mwayi. Ngakhale kuti anakakamizika kumangosamukasamuka kuti azembe anthu om’londalonda, Origen sanabwerere m’mbuyo pa zimene ankaphunzitsa. Bishopu wa ku Alexandria, Demetrius, anakopeka mtima chifukwa cha kupanda mantha ndiponso kudzipereka koteroko. Choncho, pamene Origen anali ndi zaka 18 zokha, Demetrius anam’sankha kukhala mkulu wa sukulu yolangiza zachipembedzo ku Alexandria.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Origen anatchuka kwambiri monga katswiri wa zamaphunziro komanso mlembi wa mabuku ochuluka. Ena ankati analemba mabuku 6,000, ngakhale kuti n’zodziŵikiratu kuti uku n’kukokomeza chabe. Origen ndi wotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha buku lake lalikulu lakuti Hexapla, la mavoliyumu 50 a Malemba Achihebri. Iye anagaŵa Hexapla m’madanga asanu ndi limodzi okhala ndi: (1) malemba Achihebri ndi Chialamu, (2) matembenuzidwe a malembawo motsata katchulidwe kake m’Chigiriki, (3) matembenuzidwe Achigiriki a Aquila, (4) matembenuzidwe Achigiriki a Symmachus, (5) Septuagint yachigiriki, imene Origen anailembanso kuti ikhale yogwirizana kwambiri ndi malemba Achihebri ndi (6) matembenuzidwe Achigiriki a Theodotion. John Hort, katswiri wa Baibulo analemba kuti: “Mwa kuphatikiza mabuku kumeneku, Origen anayembekezera kumveketsa bwino ndime zambiri zomwe zikanasokoneza maganizo kapena kusokeretsa Mgiriki ngati akanangoŵerenga Septuagint yokha.”

‘Kupitirira Zimene Zinalembedwa’

Komabe, chisokonezo chimene chinali m’zipembedzo zaka za m’ma 200 chinakhudza kwambiri mmene Origen amaphunzitsira Malemba. Ngakhale kuti Gawo la Matchalitchi Achikristu linali litangoyamba kumene, linali litaipitsidwa kale ndi zikhulupiriro zosagwirizana ndi Malemba, ndipo matchalitchi ake omwe anali apo ndi apo ankaphunzitsa zinthu zosiyana ndi za anzawo.

Origen anagwirizana ndi zina mwa ziphunzitso zosagwirizana ndi Malembazi, ndipo anati n’zimene atumwi ankaphunzitsa. Koma anaona kuti ali ndi ufulu wopereka maganizo akeake pa nkhani zina. Panthaŵiyo n’kuti ambiri mwa ophunzira ake akulimbana ndi nkhani za filosofi zimene zinaliko nthaŵiyo. Pofuna kuwathandiza, Origen anapenda mosamala kwambiri zikhulupiriro za afilosofi osiyanasiyana zomwe ophunzira ake achinyamatawo anali kutengera. Anadziloŵetsa ntchito yopezera ophunzira akewo mayankho okhutiritsa pa mafunso awo okhudza za filosofi.

Pofuna kugwirizanitsa Baibulo ndi filosofi, Origen anadalira kwambiri njira yophiphiritsa yotanthauzira Malemba. Ankaganiza kuti nthaŵi zonse Lemba lili ndi tanthauzo lauzimu osati monga mmene lalembedweramo. Monga momwe katswiri wina ananenera, zimenezi zinapatsa Origen mpata “wowonjezera m’Baibulo maganizo a m’mutu mwake ogwirizana ndi zimene iye ankakhulupirira. Pochita zimenezi ankanena (ndipo mosakayika ankadzionadi) kuti ndi wakhama ndiponso wokhulupirika kwambiri pomasulira mfundo za m’Baibulo.”

Kalata ina yomwe Origen analembera mmodzi wa ophunzira ake imasonyeza bwino lomwe maganizo ake. Origen analemba kuti Aisrayeli anapanga ziŵiya za m’kachisi wa Yehova ndi golide wa ku Igupto. Pamenepa iye anapeza mfundo yophiphiritsa yoti ndi chifukwa chake iye anagwiritsa ntchito filosofi yachigiriki pophunzitsa Chikristu. Analemba kuti: “Zinthu zimene ana a Israyeli anatenga ku Igupto zinali zothandiza kwambiri. Aigupto sankagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimenezi moyenerera, pamene Ahebri, motsogozedwa ndi nzeru ya Mulungu, anazigwiritsa ntchito potumikira Mulungu.” Motero, Origen analimbikitsa wophunzira wakeyo “kutengako m’filosofi ya Agiriki mfundo iliyonse imene ingakhale monga kosi ya maphunziro kapena yokonzekera nayo Chikristu.”

Kutanthauzira Baibulo konyanyira kumeneku kunachititsa kuti anthu azivutika kusiyanitsa ziphunzitso za Chikristu ndi filosofi yachigiriki. Mwachitsanzo, m’buku lake lamutu wakuti On First Principles, Origen anafotokoza Yesu kuti ndi ‘Mwana wobadwa yekha, yemwe anabadwa, koma alibe chiyambi.’ Anawonjezera kuti: ‘Mbadwo wake n’ngwamuyaya ndi wosatha. Sanakhale Mwana chifukwa cholandira mpweya wa moyo, kapena chifukwa cha zochitika zinazake, koma chifukwa chokhala ndi Umulungu.’

Origen sanapeze maganizo ameneŵa m’Baibulo, chifukwa Malemba amaphunzitsa kuti Mwana wobadwa yekha wa Yehova ndiye “wobadwa woyamba  wa chilengedwe chonse” ndiponso “woyamba wa chilengo cha Mulungu.” (Akolose 1:15; Chivumbulutso 3:14) Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri yachipembedzo Augustus Neander, Origen anapeza mfundo yonena za “kuchokera ku umuyaya” chifukwa ‘chophunzira filosofi pa sukulu yophunzitsa maganizo a Plato.’ Chotero, Origen anaswa mfundo yaikulu ya m’Malemba yakuti: ‘Osapitirira zimene zinalembedwa.’​—1 Akorinto 4:6.

Anamuimba Mlandu wa Mpatuko

M’kati mwa zaka zoyambirira za ntchito yake ya uphunzitsi, Sinodi ya ku Alexandria inavula Origen unsembe. Zikuoneka kuti zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa choti Bishopu Demetrius ankachita nsanje ndi kutchuka kwa Origen. Origen anasamukira ku Palestina, kumene anthu ankachita naye chidwi kwambiri monga munthu wodziŵika chifukwa choteteza ziphunzitso zachikristu, ndipo kumeneko anakapitiriza kukhala wansembe. Ndipo, “mpatuko” utabuka m’madera a Kum’maŵa, anam’pempha ngati angalimbikitse mabishopu opanduka kuti abwerere ku ziphunzitso zovomerezeka. Atamwalira mu 254 C.E., dzina la Origen linakhala ndi mbiri yoipa kwabasi. Chifukwa chiyani?

Chikristu cha dzina lokha chitakhala chipembedzo chokhazikika, zinthu zimene tchalitchi chinkavomereza kuti ndizo ziphunzitso zenizeni zinafotokozedwa bwino kwambiri. Choncho, akatswiri a maphunziro apamwamba a zaumulungu omwe anakhalako m’mbuyo mwake sanavomereze mfundo za Origen za filosofi zomwe zinali zongopeka ndiponso nthaŵi zina zonama. Chotero ziphunzitso zake zinabutsa mikangano yoopsa kwambiri m’kati mwa tchalitchi. Poyesayesa kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi kuti m’tchalitchi mupitirire kukhala bata, tchalitchi chinalamula kuti Origen anali wampatuko.

Sikuti ndi Origen yekhayo amene anali wolakwa ayi. Ndi iko komwe, Baibulo linali litaneneratu zakuti ambiri adzapatuka kusiya ziphunzitso zenizeni za Kristu. Mpatuko umenewu unayamba kukula chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 100, atumwi a Yesu atatha kufa. (2 Atesalonika 2:6, 7) M’kupita kwanthaŵi, ena amene amati ndi Akristu anadziyesa kukhala Akristu “enieni,” n’kumati ena onse ndi “ampatuko.” Koma kunena zoona, Matchalitchi Achikristu anapatukiratu pa Chikristu choona.

‘Amanama Kuti Ndi Chidziŵitso’

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zambiri za Origen zinali zongopeka, mabuku ake ali ndi zinthu zina zopindulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, buku lakuti Hexapla lili ndi dzina la Mulungu m’kalembedwe koyambirira ka Chihebri kokhala ndi zilembo zinayi. Zimenezi zimapereka umboni wofunika wakuti Akristu oyambirira ankadziŵa ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu lakuti Yehova. Komabe, Theophilus, yemwe anali mkulu wa tchalitchi m’zaka za m’ma 400, panthaŵi ina anachenjeza kuti: “Mabuku a Origen ali ngati dambo la mitundu yonse ya maluŵa. Ndikapezamo duŵa lokongola, ndimalithyola; koma ngati ndikuona kanthu kenakake kobaya ndimakalambalala monga momwe ndingachitire ndi munga.”

Mwa kuphatikiza ziphunzitso za Baibulo ndi filosofi yachigiriki, ziphunzitso za Origen zinadzala ndi zolakwa, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zoopsa kwambiri ku Matchalitchi Achikristu. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake ambiri anakana zinthu zambiri zomwe Origen anapeka, maganizo ake onena za nkhani ya “kuchokera ku umuyaya” kwa Kristu anathandiza kuyala maziko a chiphunzitso cha Utatu chomwe mulibe m’Baibulo. Buku lakuti The Church of the First Three Centuries limati: “Kukonda filosofi [komwe Origen anayambitsa] kunapitiriza kwa nthaŵi yaitali.” Ndipo chinachitika n’chiyani? “Chipembedzo cha Chikristu chomwe chinali chosavuta kumva chinasokonezeka, ndipo zolakwa zambiri zinaloŵa m’Tchalitchi.”

Origen akanatsatira malangizo a mtumwi Paulo ndi kupeŵa kulimbikitsa mpatuko umenewu mwa “kulewa zokamba zopanda pake [zodetsa zinthu zoyera, NW] ndi zotsutsana za ichi chitchedwa chizindikiritso konama [“zimene ena amanama kuti ndizo ‘chidziŵitso,’ NW].” M’malo mwake, mwa kugwiritsa ntchito “chidziŵitso” chimenecho monga maziko aakulu a ziphunzitso zake, Origen “adalakwa ndi kutaya chikhulupiriro.”​—1 Timoteo 6:20, 21; Akolose 2:8.

[Chithunzi patsamba 31]

Buku la Origen la “Hexapla” limasonyeza kuti dzina la Mulungu linagwiritsidwa ntchito m’Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chosindikizidwa mwa chilolezo cha a Syndics of Cambridge University Library, T-S 12.182

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Culver Pictures