Asikuti—Ndi Anthu Osadziŵika Bwino a Makedzana
Asikuti—Ndi Anthu Osadziŵika Bwino a Makedzana
FUMBI koboo! Magulu ankhondo a Asikuti okwera akavalo atanyamula zikwama zodzaza katundu yemwe analanda pankhondo ankatulukira ndi liŵiro lamtondo wadooka. Anthu osadziŵika bwinoŵa sanali kukhazikika malo amodzi. Ankalamulira dera lalikulu la udzu wokhawokha la ku Ulaya ndi Asia kuchokera mu 700 mpaka 300 B.C.E. Kenako anthuŵa sanaonekenso. Komabe iwo anasiya mbiri. Ndipo ngakhale Baibulo limatchula za anthu ameneŵa.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, Asikuti pamodzi ndi akavalo awo akuthengo anali kusinthasintha malo okhala m’chigawo cha udzu wokhawokha chomwe chinayambira ku mapiri a Carpathian kum’maŵa kwa Ulaya mpaka komwe tsopano amati kumwera chakum’maŵa kwa dziko la Russia. Kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 700 B.C.E., anthuŵa anasamukira ku dera la kumadzulo chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Mfumu yachitchaina dzina lake Hsüan. Asikuti atasamukira kumadzulo, anamenyana ndi kupitikitsa mtundu wa Achimeriya amene ankalamulira kumapiri a Caucasus ndiponso dera la kumpoto kwa Black Sea.
Asikuti pofunafuna chuma anafunkha mzinda wa Nineve womwe unali likulu la Asuri. Kenako anagwirizana ndi Asuri pomenyana ndi Amediya, Ababulo, ndi mitundu ina. Nkhondo zawo zinafika mpaka kumpoto kwa Igupto. N’kutheka kuti kusintha kwa dzina la mzinda wa Betisani womwe unali kumadzulo kwa dziko la Israyeli kukhala Asikopolisi kumasonyeza nthaŵi imene Asikuti anali kukhala m’deralo.—1 Samueli 31:11, 12.
Kenako, Asikuti anakhazikika m’chigawo cha udzu wokhawokha chomwe tsopano ndi mayiko a Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, ndiponso kumwera kwa Russia. Kumeneko analemera kwambiri chifukwa chochita malonda ndi Agiriki komanso alimi a chimanga a m’dziko lomwe lero amati Ukraine ndiponso a kumwera kwa dziko la Russia. Asikuti anali kusinthitsa kwa Agiriki chimanga, uchi, ubweya, ndiponso ng’ombe ndipo iwo anali kutenga vinyo, zovala, zida za nkhondo, ndiponso zosemasema. Choncho, iwo anapeza chuma chochuluka.
Anthu Ochititsa Chidwi Okwera Akavalo
Anthu okonda nkhondo ameneŵa anali kuona kavalo kukhala wofunika kwambiri monga momwe
anthu a kuchipululu amaonera ngamira. Asikuti anali akatswiri pokwera akavalo ndipo anali amodzi mwa anthu oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zokhalira ndiponso zopondera pa akavalo. Anali kudya nyama ya akavalo ndiponso kumwa mkaka wake. Ndipotu ngakhale nsembe zawo zopsereza ankagwiritsa ntchito akavalo. Msilikali wa Asikuti akamwalira, kavalo wake nayenso anali kumupha ndi kumuika m’manda mwaulemu pamodzi ndi zingwe zokongola zomwe anali kum’mangira akakhala paulendo.Monga momwe wolemba mbiri wina dzina lake Herodito ananenera, Asikuti anali ndi miyambo yankhanza kwambiri. Ina mwa miyambo imeneyi ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito zigoba za mitu ya anthu omwe awapha monga zikho zomweramo. Asikuti pokantha adani awo anali kugwiritsa ntchito mipeni yachitsulo, nkhwangwa, mikondo, ndiponso mipaliro ya ntcheto yomwe inkakhadzula minofu.
Manda Okonzedwa Kuti Akhale Kwamuyaya
Asikuti anali kuchita matsenga, kukhulupirira mizimu ndiponso kupembedza moto ndi mulungu wamkazi. (Deuteronomo 18:10-12) Anali kuona manda monga malo omwe anthu akufa amakakhala ndi moyo. Anali kupereka nsembe akapolo ndiponso nyama kuti mbuye wawo yemwe anamwalira azigwiritsa ntchito. Antchito anali kuwapha ndi kuwaikira limodzi ndi mbuye wawo komanso chuma chake kuti zonse apite nazo komwe amati ku “dziko lachiŵiri.” M’manda ena achifumu munapezeka mitembo ya antchito achimuna yokwana isanu ataigoneka, mapazi ataloza komwe kunali mtembo wa mbuye wawo, ati kuti akhale okonzeka kudzuka ndi kuyamba ntchito zawo.
Olamulira anali kuwaika m’manda pamodzi ndi chuma chochuluka. Asikuti panthaŵi yolira maliro anali kudzicheka kuti atulutse magazi ndiponso kumeta tsitsi lawo. Herodito analemba kuti: “Asikuti anali kudula mbali ya makutu awo, kumeta tsitsi lawo, kudzicheka m’manja, kudzitema pamphumi ndi pamphuno zawo, ndiponso kuboola ndi mipaliro manja awo akumanzere.” Motsutsana ndi zimenezi, Chilamulo cha Mulungu kwa Aisrayeli m’nthaŵi yofananayo chinali kulamula kuti: “Musamadzicheka matupi anu chifukwa cha akufa.”—Levitiko 19:28.
Asikuti anasiya mitumbira yambirimbiri. Zinthu zokongola zomwe zimapezeka m’mitumbira imeneyi zimasonyeza zomwe Asikuti anali kuchita tsiku ndi tsiku. Mfumu ya ku Russia yotchedwa Peter Wamkulu anayamba kusonkhanitsa zinthu zokongolazi mu 1715 ndipo mutha kukaziona ku nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zochititsa chidwi ku Russia ndi ku Ukraine. Zina mwa nyama zosemasema ndi monga akavalo, ziwombankhanga, nkhwewa, amphaka, akambuku, mitundu ya agwape, ndi nyama za m’nthano zokhala ndi mapiko kapena zopanda mapiko koma mitu yake ili ya nyama zina.
Zomwe Baibulo Limanena Zokhudza Asikuti
Baibulo limatchula za Asikuti kamodzi kokha. Pa Akolose 3:11 timaŵerenga kuti: “Palibe Mhelene ndi Ayuda, mdulidwe ndi kusadulidwa, watchedwa wakunja, Msikuti, kapolo, mfulu, komatu Kristu ndiye zonse, ndi m’zonse.” Nthaŵi yomwe mtumwi wachikristu Paulo ankalemba mawu ameneŵa, mawu achigiriki omwe anawamasulira kuti “Msikuti” anali kutanthauza osati mtundu winawake wa anthu koma gulu lonse la anthu osadziŵa zinthu. Paulo anali kugogomeza mfundo yakuti ngakhale anthu oterowo atha kuphunzira makhalidwe a Mulungu ngati mzimu woyera wa Yehova ndiponso mphamvu yake itawathandiza.—Akolose 3:9, 10.
Yeremiya 51:27 n’lofanana ndi mawu achisuri akuti Ashguzai. Mawu ameneŵa akuti anali kunena za Asikuti. Miyala yakale yomwe pali malemba imasonyeza kuti anthu ameneŵa anagwirizana ndi anthu a ku Mannai (komwe lero ndi ku Russia, Turkey ndi Iran) polimbana ndi Asuri m’ma 600 B.C.E. Yeremiya atatsala pang’ono kuyamba kulosera, Asikuti anadutsa bwinobwino m’dziko la Yuda pa ulendo wawo wopita ku Igupto ndi kubwerako. Choncho, anthu ambiri amene anamva Yeremiya akulosera za nkhondo yomwe idzawononga Yuda kuchokera kumpoto ayenera kuti anakayikira ngati zimenezo zinali zoona.—Yeremiya 1:13-15.
Akatswiri ena a zinthu zakale zofukula pansi amakhulupirira kuti dzina lakuti Asikenaza lomwe limapezeka paAkatswiri ena a maphunziro apamwamba amati mawu a pa Yeremiya 50:42 amanena za Asikuti. Lembali limati: “Agwira uta ndi nthungo; ali ankhalwe, alibe chifundo; mawu awo aphokosera ngati nyanja, ndipo akwera akavalo, yense aguba monga munthu wa kunkhondo, kukamenyana ndi iwe, mwana wamkazi wa Babulo.” Komabe kwenikweni mawu ameneŵa anali kunena za Amedi ndi Aperisi omwe anagonjetsa Babulo mu 539 B.C.E.
Ena anena kuti “dziko la Magogi” lomwe Ezekieli chaputala 38 ndi chaputala 39 amatchula limaimira mitundu ya Asikuti. Komabe “dziko la Magogi” ndi mawu ophiphiritsa. Mwachionekere mawu ameneŵa amaimira gawo la kufupi ndi dziko lapansi komwe Satana ndi angelo ake anaponyedwa itatha nkhondo kumwamba.—Chivumbulutso 12:7-17.
Asikuti anakwaniritsa nawo ulosi womwe Nahumu ananena wokhudza kulandidwa kwa mzinda wa Nineve. (Nahumu 1:1, 14) Akasidi, Asikuti, ndiponso Amedi analanda mzinda wa Nineve mu 632 B.C.E. ndipo anachititsa kuti Ufumu wa Asuri uthe.
Kutha Kosadziŵika Bwino
Asikuti kulibe masiku ano anazimiririka. Koma kodi n’chifukwa chiyani? Katswiri wina wa mbiri ya zinthu zakale zofukula pansi wa ku Ukraine anayankha kuti: “Zoona zake n’zakuti sitikudziŵa zomwe zinachitika.” Ena amati chifukwa chokonda chuma mitundu yawo inatha m’zaka za zana loyamba ndi lachiŵiri B.C.E. ndipo anasakanikirana ndi gulu lina latsopano la anthu a ku Asia osakhazikika malo amodzi otchedwa Asarimatiyani.
Olemba mbiri ena amaganiza kuti Asikuti anatha chifukwa cha nkhondo zomwe mafuko awo anali kumenyana. Komabe ena amanena kuti Asikuti atha kupezeka pakati pa anthu otchedwa a Ossetia a m’dera la Caucasus. Mulimonse mmene zilili, mfundo n’njakuti anthu akale osadziŵika bwino ameneŵa anasiya mbiri imene imachititsa kuti m’Chingelezi munthu akangomva mawu akuti Asikuti amaganiza za nkhanza basi.
[Mapu patsamba 24]
(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)
□ Mzinda Wakale
• Mzinda Watsopano
Danube
KU SIKUTI ← NJIRA ZA MAULENDO AWO
• Kiev
Dnieper
Dniester
Black Sea
OSSETIA
Mapiri a Caucasus
Nyanja ya Caspian
KU ASURI ← NJIRA IMENE ANADZERA POKAMENYA NKHONDO
□ Nineve
Tigris
MEDIYA ← NJIRA IMENE ANADZERA POKAMENYA NKHONDO
MESOPOTAMIYA
KU BABULO ← NJIRA IMENE ANADZERA POKAMENYA NKHONDO
□ Babulo
Firate
UFUMU WA APERISI
□ Susa
Persian Gulf
PALESITINA
• Betisani (Asikopolisi)
IGUPTO ← NJIRA IMENE ANADZERA POKAMENYA NKHONDO
Nile
Nyanja ya Mediterranean
GIRISI
[Zithunzi patsamba 25]
Asikuti anali anthu okonda nkhondo
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
[Zithunzi patsamba 26]
Asikuti anali olemera kwambiri chifukwa chochita malonda osinthitsa zinthu zawo ndi zinthu zomwe Agiriki ankapanga mwaluso
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Mwachilolezo cha Ukraine Historic Treasures Museum, Kiev