Awadensi​—Gulu la Mpatuko Lomwe Linaloŵa Chipulotesitanti

Munali m’chaka cha 1545, m’dera lokongola la Lubéron m’chigawo cha Provence kumwera kwa dziko la France. Asilikali anali atasonkhana kuti achite chiwembu choopsa kwambiri chomwe tchalitchi linakonza. Asilikaliwo anapha anthu ambirimbiri kwa mlungu umodzi.

MIDZI inawonongedwa ndipo anthu anamangidwa kapena kuphedwa. Nkhanza imeneyi ya kupha anthu imene asilikaliwo anachita inagwedeza Ulaya yense. Iwo anapha amuna pafupifupi 2,700 ndipo anagwira ena 600 ndi kuwatumiza kuti azikagwira ntchito yopalasa ngalawa zankhondo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, akazi ndi ana anavutika kwadzaoneni. Mfumu ya ku France ndiponso papa anatamanda kwambiri mkulu wa asilikali amene anatsogolera ntchito yopha anthu imeneyo.

Pamene Mfumu Yachikatolika ya ku France dzina lake Francis 1 inada nkhaŵa ndi kufalikira kwa Chipulotesitanti, n’kuyamba kufufuza anthu omwe ankati n’ngampatuko mu ufumu wake, n’kuti nyengo ya kukonzanso zinthu ya Reformation itasokoneza kale dziko la Germany. Akuluakulu a chigawo cha Provence anayembekeza kupeza anthu ampatuko oŵerengeka. Koma anapeza midzi yoti anthu onse mmenemo anali ampatuko. Anakhazikitsa lamulo loti afafanize onse ampatuko ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anachitadi zimenezo m’chaka cha 1545.

Kodi ampatukowo anali ayani? Ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani chipembedzo chinavomereza kuti aphedwe?

Wolemera Anakhala Wosauka

Anthu amene anaphedwawo anali a gulu lina lachipembedzo lomwe linaliko kalekale cha m’ma 1100, ndipo linafalikira m’madera ambiri a ku Ulaya. M’mbiri yonse ya kusagwirizana kwa zipembedzo, gululi n’lapadera kwambiri chifukwa cha mmene linafalikira ndiponso mmene linakhalirako zaka mazana ambiri. Olemba mbiri ochuluka amavomereza kuti gululi linayamba cha m’ma 1170. Munthu wina wolemera kwambiri mumzinda wa Lyons ku France, dzina lake Vaudès, anali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziŵa mmene angakondweretsere Mulungu. Mwachionekere, Vaudès anatengeka mtima kwambiri ndi zomwe Yesu Kristu analangiza wolemera wina kuti agulitse chuma chake  chonse ndi kugaŵira aumphaŵi. Choncho, iye choyamba anaonetsetsa kuti banja lake lili ndi ndalama zokwanira ndipo kenako anasiya chuma chakecho kuti azilalikira Uthenga Wabwino. (Mateyu 19:16-22) Posakhalitsa anapeza om’tsatira omwe m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anatchedwa Awadensi. *

Pa moyo wa Vaudès zinthu zofunika kwambiri zinali umphaŵi, kulalikira, ndiponso Baibulo. Kwa iye kudzudzula atsogoleri a tchalitchi chifukwa cha ulemerero wawo sinali nkhani yachilendo. Kwanthaŵi yaitali ndithu, ampatuko anali kudzudzula tchalitchi chifukwa cha ntchito zake zoipa komanso atsogoleri ake chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito molakwa ulamuliro wawo. Koma Vaudès pamodzi ndi om’tsatira ake anali anthu wamba. Mosakayikira n’chifukwa chake iye anaona kuti afunika kukhala ndi Baibulo m’chinenero chawo chomwe anthu onse ankalankhula. Popeza kuti Baibulo la tchalitchi la m’Chilatini ankaŵerenga ndi atsogoleri a tchalitchi okha, Vaudès analamula kuti Mauthenga Abwino ndiponso mabuku ena a m’Baibulo awamasulire m’chinenero cha Franco-Provençal, chomwe anthu wamba onse akum’maŵa chapakati pa dziko la France ankalankhula. * Amphaŵi a ku Lyons ameneŵa ankalalikira uthenga wawo poyera polabadira lamulo la Yesu la kulalikira. (Mateyu 28:19, 20) Wolemba mbiri wina, Gabriel Audisio, ananena kuti tchalitchi chinkayang’ana Awadensi ndi diso la nkhwezule chifukwa chakuti iwo ankalimbikira kulalikira.

Kusiya Chikatolika N’kuyamba Mpatuko

Masiku amenewo, atsogoleri a tchalitchi okha ndiwo anali kuloledwa kulalikira ndipo tchalitchi ndicho chinali ndi mphamvu zolamula kuti munthu alalikire. Atsogoleri a tchalitchi ankaona Awadensi monga anthu osaphunzira ndiponso osadziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga. Koma mu 1179, Vaudès anapempha chilolezo cha ntchito yake yolalikira kwa Papa Alexander Wachitatu. Iye ananena kuti apereka chilolezocho pokhapokha ansembe akwawo atavomereza. Wolemba mbiri wina, Malcolm Lambert, ananena kuti, “kunena zimenezo kunali kukaniza komwe.” Inde, bishopu Wamkulu wa ku Lyons, Jean Bellesmains, anakana kuti anthu wamba azilalikira. Vaudès anayankha mwa kutchula mawu a pa Machitidwe 5:29 akuti: “Tiyenera kumvera Mulungu koposa anthu.” Chifukwa chakuti sanagwirizane ndi kuletsako, Vaudès anamuchotsa m’tchalitchicho mu 1184.

Ngakhale kuti Awadensi anawachotsa m’tchalitchi chachikulu cha ku Lyons ndiponso kuwathamangitsa mu mzindawo, zikuoneka kuti lamulo loyambali silinali lokhwima kwambiri. Anthu wamba ambiri anali kuwasirira Awadensi chifukwa cha kuona mtima kwawo ndiponso moyo wawo, ndipo ngakhale mabishopu anapitiriza kulankhula nawo.

Wolemba mbiri wina, Euan Cameron, ananena kuti Awadensiwo sanali kudana ndi Tchalitchi cha Roma chenichenicho.” Iwo “ankangofuna kulalikira ndi kuphunzitsa basi.” Olemba mbiri amati gululi linakhala la mpatuko chifukwa cha malamulo otsatizanatsatizana omwe cholinga chake chinali kulipondereza. Udani umene tchalitchi chinali nawo kwa Awadensi unafika pachimake pamene bungwe la akuluakulu a tchalitchi linatulutsa  lamulo loletsa ntchito ya Awadensi mu 1215. Kodi zimenezi zinasokoneza motani ntchito yawo yolalikira?

Ankachita Zinthu Mobisa

Vaudès anamwalira m’chaka cha 1217, ndipo chifukwa cha chizunzo, otsatira ake anathaŵira m’madera osiyanasiyana monga ku chigwa cha French Alpine, ku Germany, kumpoto kwa dziko la Italy, ndiponso pakati ndi kum’maŵa kwa Ulaya. Chifukwa cha chizunzocho, Awadensi anakakhazikika m’madera akumidzi ndipo zimenezi zinachepetsa ntchito yawo yolalikira m’madera ambiri.

M’chaka cha 1229, Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinamaliza Nkhondo yake ya Mtanda yolimbana ndi a Akathari kapena kuti Albigenses, kumwera kwa dziko la France. * Kenako Awadensi anali gulu lotsatira kulimbana nalo. Khoti la kafukufuku la Akatolika linayamba kulimbana mwankhanza ndi onse otsutsana ndi tchalitchicho. Chifukwa cha mantha, Awadensi anayamba kuchita zinthu mobisa. Pamene chimafika chaka cha 1230, n’kuti iwo atasiya kulalikira poyera. Audisio anafotokoza kuti: “M’malo mofunafuna nkhosa zatsopano . . . Awadensi anangolimbikira kusamalira nkhosa zomwe zinatembenuka kale, kuzilimbikitsa kusungabe chikhulupiriro chawo ngakhale kuti anali kuzunzidwa.” Iye anawonjezera kuti, “ntchito yolalikira inali yofunikabe koma kuti anali ataisintha kachitidwe kake.”

Zikhulupiriro ndi Zochita Zawo

M’malo moti amuna ndi akazi azilalikira, Awadensi pofika cha m’ma 1300 anali atayamba kusiyanitsa olalikira ndi okhulupirira. Amuna ophunzitsidwa bwino okha ndiwo anali kugwira ntchito yaubusa. Kenako atumiki oyendayenda amenewo ankatchedwa kuti a barbes (amalume).

A barbes omwe ankayendera mabanja a Awadensi m’nyumba zawo, ankagwira ntchitoyo n’cholinga chongolimbikitsa chipembedzocho kuti chisathe osati kuchifalitsa. A barbes onse anali odziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga ndipo maphunziro awo omwe ankatenga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi anali kuchokera m’Baibulo. Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito Baibulo la chinenero chawo, a barbes ankatha kufotokozera nkhosa zawo Baibulo. Ngakhale adani anavomereza kuti Awadensi ndi ana awo omwe, anali anthu okonda Baibulo kwambiri ndipo ankatha kugwira mawu ndime zikuluzikulu za m’Malemba.

Mwa zina, Awadensi oyambirira anali kudana ndi kunama, purigatoriyo, Misa za anthu akufa, kukhululukidwa machimo ndi papa, ndiponso kulambira Mariya ndi “oyera mtima.” Iwo analinso kukondwerera Mgonero wa Ambuye kapena kuti Mgonero Womaliza, chaka chilichonse. Lambert ananena kuti, chipembedzo chawocho “chinali chipembedzo cha anthu wamba.”

“Moyo Wachiphamaso”

Awadensi anali ogwirizana kwambiri. Iwo ankakwatirana okhaokha ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anakhala ndi mayina achiwadensi. Komabe, pofuna kuti chipembedzo chawo chisathe, Awadensi ankabisa maganizo awo. Zikhulupiriro ndi zochita zawo zachinsinsi zinapatsa mwayi adani kuti aziwadzudzula kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, adaniwo ankanena kuti Awadensi anali kulambira Mdyerekezi. *

Njira imodzi yomwe Awadensi anachititsa anthu kuti aziwadzudzula n’njakuti iwo ankachita zinthu zomwe wolemba mbiri wina, Cameron, anati “n’zofananiranako” ndi kalambiridwe ka Akatolika. Awadensi ambiri anali kulapa machimo awo kwa ansembe achikatolika, kupita ku Misa, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi oyeretsa machimo ndiponso ngakhale kupita kumalo awo opatulika kukapembedza. Lambert anati: “M’zinthu zambiri iwo ankachita monga Akatolika.” Audisio ananena mosapita m’mbali kuti, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Awadensi “anakhala ndi moyo wachiphamaso.” Iye anawonjezera kuti: “Iwo ankachita zinthu pamaso pa anthu ngati Akatolika n’cholinga chofuna kukhala mwamtendere, koma akakhala okhaokha kuseri ankachita miyambo ina yomwe inkasonyeza kuti Awadensi akadalipo.

Ampatuko Analoŵa Chipulotesitanti

Cha m’ma 1500, nyengo ya kukonzanso zinthu ya Reformation inasintha kwambiri zochita za chipembedzo  ku Ulaya. Magulu omwe ankawatsutsa ankafuna kulembetsa ku boma la m’dziko lawo kapena ankathaŵira kwina kukafuna malo abwino. Nkhani ya mpatuko inakhala yosaopsa popeza kuti anthu ambiri anali atayamba kukayikira ziphunzitso za chipembedzo zomwe zinalipo.

Cha m’ma 1523, munthu wotchuka kwambiri pa nkhani ya Reformation, Martin Luther, anatchula za Awadensi. Mu 1526, mmodzi wa a barbes a Awadensi atabwerera ku mapiri a Alps anafotokoza za kusintha kwa zinthu m’chipembedzo ku Ulaya. Kenako, Apulotesitanti ndi Awadensi anayamba kumagaŵana nzeru. Apulotesitanti analimbikitsa Awadensi kuti alipirire ntchito yomasulira Baibulo loyamba kuchoka m’zinenero zoyambirira kupita m’Chifalansa. Baibulolo atalisindikiza mu 1535, analitcha kuti Baibulo la Olivétan. Komabe, zinali zodabwitsa chifukwa chakuti Awadensi ambiri sanali kumva Chifalansa.

Pamene Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinali kupitirizabe kuzunza anthu, Awadensi ambiri anakhazikika m’chigawo cha Provence kumene anali otetezeka. Kumeneku kunali kumwera kwa dziko la France. Nawonso a Apulotesitanti anafika m’chigawocho kuchokera m’madera ena. Akuluakulu a boma anauzidwa kukhala atcheru ndi kufika kwa anthu kumeneko. Ngakhale kuti panali malipoti abwino ambiri osimba za moyo ndi makhalidwe a Awadensi, ena ankakayikira ngati iwo anali anthu okhulupirika ndipo, ankawadzudzula kuti anali anthu osokoneza mtendere. Motero, anatulutsa lamulo la Mérindol edict lomwe linaphetsa anthu ambirimbiri omwe tatchula koyambirira kwa nkhani ino.

Mgwirizano pakati pa Akatolika ndi Awadensi unali kuchepabe. Awadensi pofuna kudziteteza ku ziwembu zomwe ankawachitira anapanga gulu la nkhondo. Mkangano umenewo unachititsa Awadensi kukhala m’gulu la Apulotesitanti. Umu ndi mmene Awadensi analoŵera Chipulotesitanti.

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, matchalitchi a Awadensi awakhazikitsa m’mayiko akutali ndi France monga Uruguay ndi ku United States. Komabe, olemba mbiri ochuluka amavomereza zomwe Audisio ananena kuti “Chipembedzo cha Awadensi chinatha pa nyengo yokonzanso zinthu ya Reformation” pamene chipembedzochi “chinaloŵa” m’Chipulotesitanti. Ndiponsotu panthaŵiyo n’kuti patapita zaka mazana angapo chipembedzo cha Awadensi chitasiya kugwira ntchito zake mwachangu monga poyamba. Izi zinachitika pamene anthu a chipembedzochi anasiya kulalikira ndi kuphunzitsa zinthu za m’Baibulo chifukwa cha mantha.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mapu/​Chithunzi patsamba 23]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Madera omwe kunafalikira Awadensi

FRANCE

Lyons

PROVENCE

Lubéron

Strasbourg

Milan

Rome

Berlin

Prague

Vienna

[Chithunzi]

Awadensi analipirira ntchito yomasulira Baibulo la Olivétan la m’chaka cha 1535

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Baibulo: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Zithunzi pamasamba 20, 21]

VAUDÈS

Kuwotcha Awadensi aŵiri okalamba aakazi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Masamba 20 ndi 21: © Landesbildstelle Baden, Karlsruhe