Kodi N’chiyani Chachitikira Moto wa Helo?

KODI mukangomva kuti “helo” mumaganiza za chiyani? Kodi mumaganiza za malo a moto ndi sulfure komwe anthu ochimwa amazunzika kwamuyaya? Kapena kodi mumaganiza kuti ndi mawu ophiphiritsa oimira zinazake?

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, atsogoleri a Matchalitchi Achikristu aganiza kuti helo ndi malo amoto komwe ochimwa amazunzika koopsa. Zipembedzo zinanso zambiri zidakaphunzitsabe zimenezi. Magazini ya U.S.News & World Report inanena kuti: “Liwu lakuti helo lingakhale litadziŵika kwambiri chifukwa cha Akristu. Koma si okhawo amene amaphunzitsa zimenezi. Pafupifupi zipembedzo zonse zazikulu ndiponso zina zazing’ono zimaphunzitsa za chilango chozunza anthu akamwalira.” Ahindu, Abuda, Asilamu, Ajaini ndiponso Atao ali ndi helo wawo amene amakhulupirira.

Komabe, masiku ano anthu amamuonera mwina helo. Magazini yomwe taitchula ija inanena kuti: “Ngakhale kuti ena amakhulupirirabe kuti helo ndi malo amoto, ambiri masiku ano akuona kuti chilango chosatha chimenechi ndi kukhala m’mavuto oopsa kwa munthu payekha, zimene zikusonyeza kuti helo sangakhale malo enieni amoto ayi.”

Magazini ya La Civiltà Cattolica inati: “N’zosokoneza kwambiri . . . kuganiza kuti Mulungu amalanga ochimwa ndi moto pogwiritsa ntchito ziwanda.” Magaziniyi inapitiriza kuti: “Helo aliko, koma si malo ayi. M’malo mwake ndi kuvutika maganizo kwa munthu wochimwa chifukwa choti walekana ndi Mulungu.” Mu 1999, Papa Yohane Paulo Wachiŵiri anati: “Helo si malo ayi, koma ndi kuvutika maganizo kwa anthu ochimwa amene mwa kufuna kwawo adzilekanitsa ndi Mulungu, gwero la moyo ndiponso chimwemwe.” Pa zithunzi zosonyeza kuti helo ndi malo amoto, papayu anati: “Zimangosonyeza kuti moyo wopanda Mulungu ndi wachabe komanso wopanda phindu.” Wolemba mbiri ya tchalitchi, Martin Marty, ananena kuti, akanakhala kuti papa anatchula “malaŵi a moto komanso mdyerekezi wofiira, wokhala ndi chifoloko” pofotokoza helo, “anthu sakanakhulupirira zimenezo.”

Zipembedzo zinanso zikusintha maganizo pankhaniyi. M’lipoti lawo, bungwe limene Church of England chinasankha kufufuza ziphunzitso, linati: “Helo si chilango chamuyaya ayi, koma ndi moyo wosasinthika womwe munthu wasankha umene Mulungu amadana nawo ndipo mapeto ake ndi chiwonongeko basi.”

Katekisima wa Tchalitchi cha Episkopi ku United States amanena kuti helo ndi “imfa yosatha chifukwa cha kukana kwathu Mulungu.” Magazini ya U.S.News & World Report ikunena kuti anthu ochuluka akulimbikitsa mfundo yakuti “oipa adzawonongedwa osati kuzunzika kosatha ayi . . . [Iwo] amanena motsimikiza kuti anthu  amene amakana Mulungu kwamtuwagalu adzawatha psiti ‘kumoto wopsereza wa helo’ ndipo sadzakhalakonso.”

Ngakhale kuti anthu masiku ano akufuna kusiya kuganiza za moto ndi sulfure, ambiri amakhulupirirabe kuti helo ndi malo enieni ozunzirako ochimwa. Albert Mohler, wapasukulu ya Southern Baptist Theological Seminary ku Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A. anati: “Malemba amanena mosapita m’mbali kuti helo ndi malo amoto ozunzirako.” Ndipo lipoti lakuti The Nature of Hell lomwe bungwe lofufuza la Evangelical Alliance Commission linalemba, linanena kuti: “Mu helo munthu amadziŵa kuti ndi wokanidwa ndiponso kuti akuzunzika.” Lipotilo linanenanso kuti: “Kuhelo anthu amalangika ndiponso kuzunzika mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kukula kwa tchimo lomwe anachita padziko lapansi.”

Tifunsenso, kodi helo ndi malo amoto ozunzirako anthu kwa muyaya kapena ndi malo a chiwonongeko? Kapena kodi ndi kukhala wolekana ndi Mulungu? Kodi helo n’chiyani kwenikweni?

[Bokosi/​Zithunzi patsamba 4]

Mbiri Yachidule ya Moto wa Helo

KODI amene amati ndi Akristu anayamba liti kukhulupirira moto wa helo? Anayamba patapita nthaŵi yaitali atadutsa masiku a Yesu Kristu ndi atumwi ake. Encyclopædia Universalis yachifalansa inanena kuti: “Buku lachikristu [lanthano chabe] lakuti Apocalypse of Peter linali loyamba kufotokoza za chilango ndiponso kuzunzika kwa anthu ochimwa kuhelo.”

Komabe, Abambo a Tchalitchi oyambirira ankasiyana maganizo pankhani ya helo. Justin Martyr, Clement wa ku Alexandria, Tertullian, ndi Cyprian, ankakhulupirira kuti helo ndi malo amoto. Origen ndi Gregory wa ku Nyssa yemwe anali wamaphunziro apamwamba a zaumulungu, ankakhulupirira kuti helo ndi kuzunzika mwauzimu chifukwa cholekana ndi Mulungu. Koma Augustine wa ku Hippo, ankakhulupirira zonse ziŵiri kuti kuzunzika m’helo ndi kwauzimu komanso kwenikweni​—ndipo ambiri anagwirizana ndi maganizo ameneŵa. Pulofesa J.N.D. Kelly analemba kuti: “Mmene zaka za m’ma 400 zimafika, chiphunzitso chankhanza choti ochimwa sadzakhalanso ndi mwayi akamwalira ndiponso kuti moto umene udzawanyeketse sudzazima chinafala kulikonse.”

M’zaka za m’ma 1500, Apulotesitanti osintha zinthu, monga Martin Luther ndi John Calvin, ankakhulupirira kuti kuzunzika kumoto wa helo kumaphiphiritsa kukhala wolekana ndi Mulungu kwamuyaya. Komabe, m’zaka mazana aŵiri zotsatira, chiphunzitso choti helo ndi malo achizunzo chinayambiranso. M’zaka za m’ma 1700, mlaliki wachipulotesitanti, Jonathan Edwards, ankaopseza nzika za ku America zolamulidwa ndi Atsamunda mwa kulongosola helo mwatsatanetsatane.

Komabe, patangopita nthaŵi yochepa, tingati malaŵi a helo anayamba kuchita ngati akuchepa mphamvu. “Helo anatsala pang’ono kuzimiratu m’zaka za m’ma 1900,” ikutero magazini ya U.S.News & World Report.

[Zithunzi]

Justin Martyr ankakhulupirira kuti helo ndi malo amoto

Augustine wa ku Hippo ankaphunzitsa kuti anthu ku helo amazunzika mwauzimu komanso kuzunzika kwenikweni