Baibulo la “Septuagint”​—Lothandiza Masiku Akale ndi Ano Omwe

MUNTHU wotchuka wa ku Aitiopia anali paulendo wochokera ku Yerusalemu kupita kwawo. Ali pagaleta lake m’njira ya m’chipululu, anali kuŵerenga mokweza mpukutu wa mawu a zachipembedzo. Tanthauzo la mawu amene ankaŵerengawo linam’khudza mtima kwambiri moti kuyambira pamenepo, moyo wake unasinthiratu. (Machitidwe 8:26-38) Mwamunayu anali kuŵerenga Yesaya 53:7, 8 m’Baibulo loyambirira kutembenuzidwa la Septuagint yachigiriki.  Baibulo la Septuagint limeneli lathandiza kwambiri kufalitsa uthenga wa Baibulo kwa zaka zambiri moti limatchedwa Baibulo limene linasintha dziko.

Kodi Septuagint inatembenuzidwa liti ndipo nthaŵiyo zinthu zinali bwanji? N’chifukwa chiyani Baibulo limeneli linkafunika? Kodi lathandiza motani kwa zaka zambiri? Kodi n’chiyani, ngati chilipo, chimene tingaphunzire mu Septuagint?

Analembera Ayuda Olankhula Chigiriki

Mu 332 B.C.E. Alesandro Wamkulu atawononga Turo mzinda wa ku Foinike anapita ku Igupto kumene anamulandira monga mpulumutsi. Kumeneko anayambitsa mzinda wotchedwa Alesandriya, lomwe linali likulu la maphunziro masiku amenewo. Alesandro pofuna kufalitsa chikhalidwe cha Agiriki kwa anthu a m’madera amene iye anagonjetsa, anayambitsa chinenero chachigiriki cha anthu onse (Koine) mu ufumu wake waukuluwo.

M’zaka za m’ma 200 B.C.E., mzinda wa Alesandriya unali ndi Ayuda ambiri. Ayuda ochuluka amene atachoka ku ukapolo ku Babulo anali kukhala m’madera osiyanasiyana kunja kwa Palestina, anasamukira ku Alesandriya. Kodi Ayuda ameneŵa ankachidziŵa kwambiri Chihebri? Buku lina la maumboni limene analemba McClintock ndi Strong linati: “N’zosachita kufunsa kuti Ayuda atachoka ku ukapolo ku Babulo, anali ataiŵala zambiri zokhudza Chihebri chakale chimene anachizoloŵera. Poŵerenga mabuku a Mose m’masunagoge a ku Palesitina anali kuwafotokozera m’chinenero cha Akasidi . . . Ayuda a ku Alesandriya sankadziŵa kwenikweni Chihebri, chinenero chimene ankachidziŵa bwino chinali Chigiriki cha ku Alesandriya.” Mwachionekere, ku Alesandriya kunafunikira kuti Malemba Achihebri awatembenuzire m’Chigiriki.

Aristobulus yemwe ndi Myuda amene anakhalako m’zaka za m’ma 100 B.C.E., analemba kuti buku la malamulo Achihebri linatembenuzidwa m’Chigiriki ndipo anamaliza ntchito imeneyi Tolemi Philadelphus akulamulira (285-246 B.C.E.). Anthu amasiyana maganizo pa zimene Aristobulus anatanthauza ndi mawu akuti “chilamulo.” Ena amati anali kunena Pentatuke yokha ndipo ena amati anali kunena Malemba onse Achihebri.

Mulimonse momwe zinalili, pali chikhulupiriro chakuti pafupifupi akatswiri achiyuda 72 anagwira nawo ntchito yoyambirira yotembenuzira m’Chigiriki Malemba Achihebri. Koma kenako, anayamba kunena kuti 70 m’malo mwa 72. Choncho, Baibuloli linatchedwa Septuagint kutanthauza kuti “70,” ndipo amalitcha LXX, malinga ndi mmene Aroma amalembera 70. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 100 B.C.E., mabuku onse a malemba Achihebri ankapezekanso m’Chigiriki. Choncho dzina lakuti Septuagint linakhala dzina la Malemba Achihebri onse otembenuzidwa m’Chigiriki.

Linathandiza M’zaka 100 Zoyambirira za Nyengo Yathu Ino

Ayuda olankhula Chigiriki ankagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri Baibulo la Septuagint Yesu ndi ophunzira ake asanakhaleko komanso alipo. Ayuda ambiri ndi otembenukira ku Chiyuda amene anasonkhana mu Yerusalemu patsiku la Pentekoste wa mu 33 C.E., anachokera m’zigawo za ku Asiya, Igupto, Libiya, Roma, ndi Krete​—madera amene anthu ankalankhula Chigiriki. Mosakayikira anazoloŵera kuŵerenga Septuagint. (Machitidwe 2:9-11) Choncho, Baibulo limeneli linathandiza kwambiri kufalitsa uthenga wabwino m’zaka 100 zoyambirira za Nyengo Yathu Ino.

Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira Stefano polankhula ndi amuna a ku Kurene, Alesandriya, Kilikiya ndi ku Asiya anati: “Yosefe anatumiza, naitana Yakobo atate wake, ndi a banja lake lonse [ku Kanani], ndiwo anthu makumi asanu ndi aŵiri mphambu asanu.” (Machitidwe 6:8-10; 7:12-14) Malemba achihebri pa Genesis chaputala 46 amati, banja la Yosefe linali ndi anthu makumi asanu ndi aŵiri. Koma Septuagint imati linali ndi anthu makumi asanu ndi aŵiri mphambu asanu. Kusonyeza kuti, Stefano anagwira mawu mu Septuagint.​—Genesis 46:20, 26, 27.

Mtumwi Paulo ali paulendo wake wachiŵiri ndi wachitatu waumishonale ku Asiyamina ndi Girisi, analalikira anthu Akunja ambiri amene anali kuopa Mulungu ndi kwa “Ahelene akupembedza.” (Machitidwe 13:16, 26; 17:4) Anthu ameneŵa anayamba kuopa Mulungu kapena  kum’pembedza chifukwa anali atamvapo kale za iye mu Septuagint. Nthaŵi zambiri Paulo polalikira kwa anthu olankhula Chigiriki ameneŵa, ankagwira mawu kapena ankanena mwachidule mawu ena a m’Baibulo limeneli.​—Genesis 22:18; Agalatiya 3:8.

M’malemba Achigiriki Achikristu muli mawu pafupifupi 320 otengedwa ndendende ndiponso mawu okwanira ngati 890 tikaphatikiza pamodzi ofananako ndi mmene alili m’Malemba Achihebri ndi maumboni a mmenemu. Ambiri a mawu ameneŵa ndi a mu Septuagint. N’chifukwa chake, mawu a m’Baibulo limeneli osati a malemba apamanja Achihebri anadzakhala mbali ya Malemba ouziridwa Achigiriki Achikristu. Imeneyi ndi mfundo yabwino bwanji! Yesu ananeneratu kuti uthenga wabwino wa Ufumu udzalalikidwa pa dziko lonse lapansi. (Mateyu 24:14) Kuti zimenezi zichitike, Yehova walola Mawu ake ouziridwa kuti atembenuzidwe m’zinenero zosiyanasiyana za anthu apadziko lonse lapansi.

Lothandiza Masiku Ano

Baibulo la Septuagint ndi lothandizabe kwambiri masiku ano ndipo amaligwiritsa ntchito kupeza zimene anthu amene ankakopa malemba apamanja Achihebri, Septuagint italembedwa kale, analakwitsa mosadziŵa. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani ya pa Genesis 4:8 (Malembo Oyera), imati: “Apo Kaini anati kwa Abele mbale wake: Tiyeko ku munda. Atafikako, Kaini analumphira mbale wake Abele, nam’pha.”

Malemba apamanja Achihebri a m’ma 900 C.E., mulibe mawu akuti, “tiyeko ku munda,” ndipo mwina chimenechi chingakhale chifukwa chake m’mabaibulo ena simupezeka mawu ameneŵa. Komabe, m’Baibulo lolembedwa pamanja la Septuagint lakale kwambiri ndiponso mabaibulo ena akale mumapezeka mawu ameneŵa. Malemba apamanja Achihebri ameneŵa ali ndi mawu amene nthaŵi zambiri amasonyeza kuti wina akufuna kulankhula, koma palibe mawu amene akutsatirapo. Ndiye kuti chinachitika n’chiyani? Genesis 4:8 ali ndi mawu akuti “ku munda” kumapeto kwa ziganizo ziŵiri zotsatizana. Buku la maumboni limene analemba McClintock ndi Strong likuti: “Mwina munthu wachihebri amene ankakopa malembaŵa maso ake anasokonezeka ndi liwu [limodzimodzi] . . . limene lili kumapeto kwa chiganizo chilichonse m’ziganizo ziŵirizi.” Choncho wokoperayo anadumpha malo oyamba pamene pamapezeka chiganizo chimene chimatha ndi mawu ameneŵa akuti “tiyeko ku munda.” Inde, Septuagint, komanso malemba apamanja akale amene alipo, angathandize kupeza zolakwika m’malemba Achihebri amene analembedwa pambuyo pake.

Komabe, mabaibulo a Septuagint, alinso ndi zolakwika, ndipo nthaŵi zina malemba Achihebri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zolakwika m’malemba Achigiriki. Choncho, malemba apamanja Achihebri kuwayerekezera ndi Achigiriki ndiponso ndi azinenero zina kumathandiza kupeza zimene otembenuza komanso anthu amene ankakopera analakwitsa ndipo timapeza tanthauzo lenileni la Mawu a Mulungu.

Mabaibulo athunthu a Septuagint, amene alipo masiku ano ndi akale kwambiri a m’zaka za m’ma 300 C.E. M’malemba apamanja ameneŵa ndi apambuyo pake simupezeka dzina la Mulungu, lakuti Yehova, limene m’Chihebri linkalembedwa ndi zilembo zinayi (YHWH). M’mabaibulo ameneŵa paliponse pamene malemba Achihebri panali zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu, ankalembapo mawu Achigiriki akuti “Mulungu” ndi “Ambuye.” Komabe, zimene zinapezeka ku Palestina pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu zapitazo zinatsegula anthu maso pankhani imeneyi. Gulu limene linkafufuza m’mapanga kufupi ndi gombe la kumadzulo kwa Nyanja Yakufa linapeza zidutswa za mpukutu wa chikopa chakale wa aneneri 12 (kuyambira Hoseya mpaka Malaki) wa m’Chigiriki. Zimenezi zinalembedwa pakati pa m’ma 50 B.C.E. ndi 50 C.E. M’zidutswa zakale kwambiri zimenezi, sanachotsemo zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu n’kuikamo mawu Achigiriki akuti “Mulungu” ndi “Ambuye.” Choncho, anatsimikizira kuti m’Baibulo loyambirira la Septuagint munkapezeka dzina la Mulungu.

Chaka cha 1971 anatulutsa buku la zidutswa za mpukutu wa pa gumbwa wakale kwambiri (Fouad 266 papyri). Kodi mbali za Septuagint zimenezi, zimene zinalembedwa m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri kapena loyamba Nyengo Yathu Ino isanafike,  zikusonyeza chiyani? Munalinso dzina la Mulungu. Zidutswa za Septuagint zakale zimenezi, ndi umboni waukulu wakuti Yesu ndi ophunzira ake a m’zaka 100 zoyambirira za Nyengo Yathu Ino ankadziŵa dzina la Mulungu ndi kuligwiritsa ntchito.

Masiku ano, Baibulo ndi buku limene latembenuzidwa kwambiri m’mbiri yonse ya anthu. Anthu oposa 90 pa anthu 100 alionse ali ndi mbali ya Baibulo m’chinenero chawo. Tili osangalala kwambiri kuti tsopano Baibulo lamakono lotembenuzidwa molondola la New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, likupezeka lathunthu kapena mbali yake chabe m’zinenero zoposa 40. Baibulo la New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures​—With References lili ndi mawu am’munsi ambiri zedi a mu Septuagint ndiponso malemba ena apamanja amakedzana. Zoonadi, Septuagint likadali Baibulo limene ophunzira Baibulo masiku ano akuchita nalo chidwi ndi kulikonda.

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Wophunzira Filipo analongosola mawu amene anawaŵerenga mu “Septuagint”

[Zithunzi patsamba 29]

Nthaŵi zambiri mtumwi Paulo ankagwira mawu mu “Septuagint”