Kodi Akatswiri Okumba Zinthu Zakale Apeza Umboni Woti Yesu Anakhalako?

“UMBONI Woti Yesu Anakhalako Wolembedwa pa Mwala.” Umenewu unali mutu wa nkhani pachikuto cha magazini yotchedwa Biblical Archaeology Review (November/​December 2002). Pachikutopo anajambulapo bokosi lamwala losungiramo mafupa limene analipeza ku Israyeli. Ayuda ankagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mabokosi osungiramo mafupa kwa nthaŵi yochepa pakati pa 100 B.C.E. ndi 70 C.E.  Zimene zinapangitsa kuti bokosi limeneli likhale lapadera anali mawu olembedwa m’Chiaramu mbali imodzi ya bokosilo. Akatswiri ananena kuti mawuwo anali oti: “Yakobo, mwana wa Yosefe, mbale wa Yesu.”

Malinga ndi zimene Baibulo limanena, Yesu wa ku Nazarete anali ndi mbale wake wotchedwa Yakobo amene ankadziŵika kuti anali mwana wa Yosefe, mwamuna wa Mariya. Pamene Yesu Kristu anaphunzitsa m’mudzi wa kwawo, anthuwo anadabwa ndipo anafunsa kuti: “Kodi uyu si mwana wa mmisiri wa mitengo? Kodi dzina lake la amake si Mariya? Ndi abale ake si Yakobo ndi Yosefe ndi Simoni ndi Yuda? Ndipo alongo ake sali ndife onseŵa?”​—Mateyu 13:54-56; Luka 4:22; Yohane 6:42.

Zoonadi, mawu amene analembedwa pa bokosi losungiramo mafupalo akugwirizana ndi Yesu wa ku Nazarete. Ngati Yakobo wotchulidwa pa bokosiyo anali mbale wa Yesu Kristu, ndiye kuti umenewu ungakhale “umboni wakale kwambiri woti Yesu anakhalako, osati wopezeka m’Baibulo, koma wopezeka m’zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi,” anatero André Lemaire, katswiri wodziŵa za mawu olembedwa pa zinthu zakale komanso amene analemba nkhani taitchula kale ija m’magazini ya Biblical Archaeology Review. Hershel Shanks, mkonzi wa magaziniyo anati bokosi losungiramo mafupalo “ndi chinthu chogwirika komanso chooneka chimene chikutitengera ku nthaŵi ya munthu wofunika koposa onse amene anakhalako padziko lapansi.”

Komabe, mayina onse atatu amene munthu angathe kuwaŵerenga pa bokosipo anali ofala m’zaka 100 zoyambirira za nyengo yathu ino. Choncho, n’zotheka kuti kunalinso banja lina lokhala ndi Yakobo, Yosefe, ndi Yesu, pambali pa banja la Yesu Kristu. Lemaire anati: “Mu Yerusalemu, mibadwo iŵiri chaka cha 70 C.E. chisanafike, munali . . . mwina pafupifupi anthu 20 amene akanatha kutchedwa ‘Yakobo mwana wa Yosefe mbale wa Yesu.’” Komabe, iye akuganiza kuti n’zotheka kwambiri kuti Yakobo amene anatchulidwa pa bokosiyo anali mbale wa Yesu Kristu.

Palinso kanthu kena kamene kakupangitsa anthu ena kuganiza kuti Yakobo wotchulidwa pa bokosiyo anali mbale wa Yesu Kristu. Ngakhale kuti zinali zofala kulemba dzina la bambo wa munthu wakufayo pa mabokosi oterowo, zinali zachilendo kwambiri kulembapo dzina la mbale wake.  Choncho, akatswiri ena akuganiza kuti Yesu wotchulidwa panoyu ayenera kuti anali munthu wodziŵika kwambiri, zimene zikuwapangitsa kuganiza kuti anali Yesu Kristu, amene anayambitsa Chikristu.

Kodi Bokosilo Silinali Longopeka?

Kodi bokosi losungiramo mafupa n’chiyani? Ndi bokosi limene amaikamo mafupa a munthu wakufa pambuyo poti thupilo lawola m’manda ake kuphanga. Mabokosi ambiri osungiramo mafupa anabedwa m’manda ozungulira Yerusalemu. Bokosi limene anatchulapo Yakobolo analipeza pa msika wogulitsapo zinthu zakale, osati pa malo okumbidwa ndi akatswiri okumba zinthu zakale. Mwini wa bokosilo akuti analigula madola mahandiredi ochepa chabe cha m’ma 1970. Choncho, kumene kunachokera bokosilo sikukudziŵika. “Ngati simukudziŵa kumene chinthu chakale chinapezedwa, komanso kumene chakhala kwa zaka pafupifupi 2000, simunganene kuti palidi kugwirizana pakati pa chinthucho ndi anthu amene angatchulidwe pa chinthucho,” anatero Pulofesa Bruce Chilton wa ku Bard College, ku New York.

Pofuna kuti pakhale umboni wa akatswiri okumba zinthu zakale, André Lemaire anatumiza bokosilo ku bungwe la akatswiri odziŵa za miyala ku Israyeli la Geological Survey. Akatswiriwo anavomereza kuti bokosilo n’lopangidwa ndi mwala wa m’zaka 100 kapena 200 zoyambirira za nyengo yathu ino. Iwo anati “palibe umboni uliwonse wosonyeza kuti popanga bokosilo anagwiritsa ntchito chida chamakono chilichonse.” Komabe, akatswiri a Baibulo amene anafunsidwa ndi nyuzipepala ya New York Times kuti anenepo maganizo awo anati: “Zikuoneka kuti pali mfundo zamphamvu zogwirizanitsa bokosilo ndi Yesu, koma palibe umboni weniweni.”

Magazini ya Time inanena kuti “pafupifupi munthu wophunzira aliyense masiku ano sakayikira kuti Yesu anakhalako.” Komabe, pali anthu ambiri amene amanena kuti pafunika kukhala umboni wina wosonyeza kuti Yesu anakhalako pambali pa umene uli m’Baibulo. Kodi kuti munthu akhulupirire Yesu Kristu m’pofunika umboni wa akatswiri okumba zinthu zakale? Kodi tili ndi umboni wotani wakuti “munthu wofunika koposa onse amene anakhalako padziko lapansi” analikodi?

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Kumanzere, Bokosi la Yakobo: AFP PHOTO/​J.P. Moczulski; kumanja, zolembedwa: AFP PHOTO/​HO