Baibulo la Complutensian Polyglot Linali Lofunika Kwambiri Pantchito Yomasulira

CHA m’ma 1455, panali kusintha kwakukulu pankhani yofalitsa Baibulo. Johannes Gutenberg anagwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira kutulutsa Baibulo loyambirira kusindikizidwa pa makina. Tsopano sizinali zovuta kufalitsa mabaibulo monga mmene zinalili kale pamene Baibulo linali mipukutu yolemba pamanja ndipo zinali zovuta kufalitsa mabaibulo ambiri. Tsopano anthu akanatha kusindikiza mabaibulo ambiri ndiponso pa mtengo wotsikirapo. Pasanapite nthaŵi yaitali, Baibulo linadzakhala buku lofalitsidwa kwambiri kuposa buku lina lililonse padziko lonse.

Baibulo limene Gutenberg anasindikiza linali m’Chilatini. Koma pasanapite nthaŵi yaitali, akatswiri a maphunziro a ku Ulaya anaona kuti anafunika kukhala ndi Baibulo lodalirika la m’zinenero zoyambirira, Chihebri ndi Chigiriki. Mpingo wa Katolika unkaona Baibulo la Chilatini la Vulgate kukhala Baibulo lokhalo lovomerezeka, komabe panali mavuto akuluakulu aŵiri. M’zaka za m’ma 1500, anthu ambiri sankatha kumva Chilatini. Ndiponso, m’kati mwa zaka zoposa 1000 zimene Baibulo la Vulgate linakhalapo, linakhala ndi zolakwika zambiri zimene anthu okopera Baibuloli ankapanga.

Omasulira ndi akatswiri a maphunziro anafuna Baibulo la m’zinenero zoyambirira, ndiponso lokonzedwanso la Chilatini. M’chaka cha 1502, kadinala Jiménez de Cisneros, mlangizi wa Mfumukazi Isabella I ya ku Spain pankhani zandale ndi zauzimu, anafuna kuchita zimene omasulira ndi akatswiriŵa ankafuna poika zinenero zonsezo m’buku limodzi. Baibulo limeneli limene linali lofunika kwambiri pantchito yomasulira linadzatchedwa Complutensian Polyglot. Cisneros anafuna kukhala ndi Baibulo la Polyglot, kapena kuti Baibulo la zinenero zingapo m’buku limodzi lomwelo, limene linali ndi malemba abwino kwambiri a Chihebri, Chigiriki, ndi Chilatini, pamodzi ndi mbali zina za Chialamu. Kusindikiza mabuku pa makina kunali kutangoyamba kumene, motero kutulutsa Baibulo limeneli kukanakhalanso chinthu chapadera kwambiri pankhani yosindikiza mabuku.

Cisneros anayamba ntchito yake yovuta kwambiri imeneyi mwa kugula mipukutu yakale yolembedwa pamanja ya Chihebri, imene inalipo yambiri ku Spain. Anasonkhanitsanso mipukutu yolembedwa pamanja yosiyanasiyana ya Chigiriki ndi Chilatini. Zimenezi ndi zimene anagwiritsa ntchito pokonza Baibulo la Polyglot. Cisneros anakonza gulu la akatswiri kuti ligwire ntchito yokonza Baibuloli. Anasonkhanitsa akatswiriŵa pa yunivesite imene anali atangoitsegula kumene ya Alcalá de Henares ku Spain. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri amene anawapempha kuti akhale nawo m’gululo anali Erasmus wa ku Rotterdam, koma katswiri wotchuka pankhani ya zinenero ameneyu anakana kukhala nawo m’gululo.

Akatswiriŵa anagwira ntchito yaikulu kwambiri imeneyi kwa zaka khumi, ndipo atamaliza kulikonza, ntchito yosindikiza inatenga zaka zina zinayi. Panali mavuto ambiri amene anakumana nawo, chifukwa makina osindikizira a ku Spain analibe zilembo za Chihebri, Chigiriki, kapena Chialamu. Motero, Cisneros analemba ntchito katswiri wa ntchito yosindikiza mabuku, Arnaldo Guillermo Brocario, kuti akonze zilembo za zinenero zimenezi. Kenako, makinawo anayamba kusindikiza mu 1514. Anamaliza kusindikiza mavoliyumu asanu ndi imodzi pa July 10, 1517, patangotsala miyezi inayi, kadinalayo asanamwalire. Anafalitsa mabaibulo ameneŵa okwana 600, ndipo ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri kuti nthaŵi imeneyi m’pamene zochita za khoti la kafukufuku la Akatolika la ku Spain zinali pachimake. *

 Ntchito Yokonza Kaonekedwe ka Baibulolo

Tsamba lililonse la Baibulo la Polyglot linali ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri. M’mavoliyumu anayi a Malemba a Chihebri, malemba a Baibulo la Vulgate anali pakati pa tsamba lililonse; malemba a Chihebri anali ku danga lakumapeto kwa tsamba lililonse; ndipo m’danga lam’kati mwa tsamba lililonse munali malemba a Chigiriki, pamodzi ndi mawu omasulira a Chilatini, m’kati mwa mizere ya Chigiriki. M’mphepete mwa tsamba lililonse analembamo masinde a mawu ambiri a Chihebri. Ndipo m’munsi mwa tsamba lililonse la malemba a Pentatuke, okonza Baibulowo anaphatikizamo malemba a Targum of Onkelos (mawu a Chialamu a mabuku asanu oyambirira a Baibulo) pamodzi ndi mawu a Chilatini omasulira Chialamucho.

M’voliyumu yachisanu ya Baibulo la Polyglot munali Malemba Achigiriki m’madanga aŵiri. Danga lina linali la Chigiriki, ndipo danga lina anaikamo mawu amene anamasulira Chigirikicho m’Baibulo la Chilatini la Vulgate. Pofuna kusonyeza mawu amene awamasulira m’chinenero chinacho kuti ndi akuti, anaika zilembo zazing’ono zothandiza munthu woŵerengayo kuona liwu limene alimasulira moteromo m’danga lililonse. Malemba a Chigiriki a m’Baibulo la Polyglot anali buku loyamba lokhala ndi Malemba onse Achigiriki, kapena kuti “Chipangano Chatsopano,” ndipo kenako pasanapite nthaŵi yaitali naye Erasmus anasindikiza Baibulo la Malemba onse Achigiriki.

Akatswiriwo anasamala kwambiri poŵerenga voliyumu yachisanu kuti atsimikizire kuti ili bwino moti linangopezeka ndi zolakwika posindikiza zokwana 50 zokha basi. Chifukwa cha kusamala kwambiri koteroko kumene akatswiriwo anachita, anthu ofufuza masiku ano amaliona kuti ndi lapamwamba kwambiri kuposa Baibulo la Malemba Achigiriki lotchuka kwambiri la Erasmus. Zilembo zooneka bwino za Chigiriki zinafanana ndi zilembo zabwino kwambiri zapamanja za chinenerochi. R. Proctor, m’buku lake lakuti The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century anati: “Tikuyamikira kwambiri dziko la Spain chifukwa chosindikiza zilembo zake zoyambirira za Chigiriki, zimene mosakayika ndi zilembo za Chigiriki zabwino kwambiri kuposa zina zilizonse.”

M’voliyumu yachisanu ndi chimodzi ya Baibulo la Polyglot munali zothandizira kuphunzira Baibulo zosiyanasiyana. Munali gawo lotanthauzira mawu a Chihebri ndi Chialamu, matanthauzo a mayina a Chigiriki, Chihebri, ndi Chialamu, galamala ya Chihebri, ndi mlozera mawu wa Chilatini wa gawo lotanthauzira mawu a Chihebri ndi Chialamu lija. N’zosadabwitsa kuti Baibulo la Complutensian Polyglot anthu alitcha kuti ndi “ntchito imene panagona luso losindikiza ndiponso ukatswiri wa za Malemba.”

Cisneros anafuna kuti Baibulo limeneli “liyambitsenso chidwi cha anthu chofuna kuphunzira malemba chimene chinali chitaloŵa pansi,” komabe analibe chikhumbo choti Baibulo lizipezeka kwa anthu onse. Ankaganiza kuti “Mawu a Mulungu ayenera kukhala achinsinsi kwambiri kwa anthu wamba.” Ankakhulupiriranso kuti “Malemba ayenera kukhala m’zinenero zitatu zokha zakale zimene Mulungu analola kuti zilembedwe pamwamba pa mutu wa Mwana wake atapachikidwa.” * Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Baibulo la Complutensian Polyglot linalibe mawu omasuliridwa m’Chispanya.

Kusiyana kwa Baibulo la Vulgate ndi Zinenero Zoyambirira

Mmene Baibulo la Polyglot linalili zinayambitsa kusiyana maganizo pakati pa akatswiri amene anakonza Baibuloli. Katswiri wina wotchuka wa ku Spain, Antonio de Nebrija * anapatsidwa ntchito  yokonzanso mawu a m’Baibulo la Vulgate kuti adzaikidwe m’Baibulo la Polyglot. Ngakhale kuti Mpingo wa Katolika unkaona Baibulo la Jerome la Vulgate kukhala Baibulo lokhalo lovomerezeka, Nebrija anaona kuti panafunika kuyerekezera Baibulo la Vulgate ndi malemba oyambirira a Chihebri, Chialamu, ndi Chigiriki. Anafuna kukonza zolakwika zoonekeratu zimene zinali m’mabaibulo amene analipo a Vulgate.

Pofuna kuthetsa kusiyana kulikonse kumene kunalipo pakati pa Baibulo la Vulgate ndi mabuku a zinenero zoyambirira, Nebrija anauza Cisneros kuti: “Yatsaninso miuni iŵiri yosayatsa ya chipembedzo chathu, zinenero za Chihebri ndi Chigiriki. Apatseni mphoto anthu amene adzipereka kugwira ntchito imeneyi.” Ndipo anaperekanso malingaliro akuti: “Pakangopezeka kusiyana pakati pa malemba a pamanja a Chilatini a Chipangano Chatsopano, tiyenera kuona Malemba apamanja a Chigiriki. Nthaŵi iliyonse tikangoona kuti pali kusagwirizana pakati pa malemba apamanja osiyanasiyana a Chilatini, kapena pakati pa malemba apamanja a Chilatini ndi Chigiriki a Chipangano Chakale, tiyenera kufufuza kuti tipeze zolondola poyang’ana magwero ouziridwa a Chihebri.”

Kodi Cisneros anayankha bwanji? M’mawu ake oyamba a m’Baibulo la Polyglot, Cisneros anaonetsa maganizo ake. Anati: “Taika Baibulo la Chilatini la Jerome wodalitsidwa pakati pa malemba a Sunagoge [malemba Achihebri] ndi malemba a Tchalitchi cha Kummaŵa [malemba Achigiriki], monga mmene mbala zinapachikidwira, ina kumanja ina kumanzere kwa Yesu, amene akuimira Tchalitchi cha Roma, kapena kuti cha Chilatini.” Motero, Cisneros sanalole Nebrija kuti akonze Baibulo la Chilatini la Vulgate motsatira malemba a zinenero zoyambirira. Mapeto ake, Nebrija anasiya kugwira ntchitoyo posafuna kuti azidziŵika kuti anagwira ntchito yosalongosoka.

Mawu Onyenga

Ngakhale kuti Baibulo la Polyglot la Alcalá de Henares linasonyeza kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pankhani yokonza bwino malemba m’zinenero zoyambirira za Baibulo, nthaŵi zina kutsatira mwambo kunkakula mphamvu kuposa luso la maphunziro. Anthu ankalemekeza kwambiri Baibulo la Vulgate moti okonza Baibulo la Polyglot nthaŵi zingapo anaona kuti anafunika kukonza malemba a Chigiriki a “Chipangano Chatsopano” pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti akugwirizana ndi Baibulo la Chilatini, m’malo mokonza Baibulo la Chilatinilo kuti ligwirizane ndi malemba a Chigiriki choyambirira. Chitsanzo chimodzi cha zimenezi ndi mawu onyenga odziŵika kwambiri amene amapezeka m’mabaibulo ena pa 1 Yohane 5:7. * Palibe malemba alionse a pamanja a Chigiriki akale amene ali ndi mawu amenewo, amene malinga ndi umboni umene ulipo, anaikidwapo patapita zaka mazana angapo Yohane atalemba kalata yake. Mawuŵa sapezekanso m’mabaibulo a malemba apamanja akale kwambiri a Chilatini a Vulgate. Motero, Erasmus sanaike  mawu onyengaŵa m’Baibulo lake la Chigiriki la “Chipangano Chatsopano.”

Okonza Baibulo la Polyglot anazengereza kuchotsa vesi limeneli lomwe linali mbali ya Baibulo la Vulgate kwa zaka zambiri. Motero, anasiya mawu onyengawo m’Chilatinimo ndipo anawamasulira ndi kuwaika m’malemba a Chigiriki kuti madanga aŵiriwo agwirizane.

Lagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kumasulira Mabaibulo Ena Atsopano

Mfundo yakuti Baibulo la Complutensian Polyglot linali lofunika kwambiri sikuti yangogona pakuti linali ndi Malemba onse Achigiriki oyambirira kusindikizidwa pamodzi ndi Baibulo la Septuagint ayi. Monga mmene zinalili kuti Baibulo la “Chipangano Chatsopano” la Chigiriki la Erasmus linakhala Baibulo Lovomerezeka la Malemba Achigiriki (limene lagwiritsidwa ntchito pomasulira mabaibulo ambiri m’zinenero zina), malemba a Chihebri a m’Baibulo la Polyglot anakhala maziko a Malemba Achihebri ndi Chialamu. * William Tyndale anagwiritsa ntchito Baibulo la Polyglot limeneli monga maziko a malemba a Chihebri pomasulira Baibulo m’Chingelezi.

Motero, ntchito yaukatswiri ya gulu limene linatulutsa Baibulo la Complutensian Polyglot inathandiza kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro apamwamba a za Malemba. Baibuloli linafalitsidwa panthaŵi imene mu Ulaya monse munawonjezeka chidwi chofuna kudziŵa za Baibulo, ndipo zimenezi zinalimbikitsa kuti Baibulo limasuliridwe m’zinenero wamba zimene anthu anali kulankhula. Baibulo la Polyglot linali chimodzi mwa zochitika zotsatizana zimene zinathandiza kuti malemba a Chigiriki ndi a Chihebri akonzedwe bwino ndi kusungidwa. Zonsezi n’zogwirizana ndi cholinga cha Mulungu chakuti ‘mawu a Yehova oyengeka,’ “mawu a Mulungu wathu adzakhala nthaŵi zachikhalire.”​—Salmo 18:30; Yesaya 40:8; 1 Petro 1:25.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Kadinala Jiménez de Cisneros

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Chithunzi patsamba 30]

Antonio de Nebrija

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 28]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid