Mmene Sayansi ndi Chipembedzo Zinayambira Kutsutsana
Mmene Sayansi ndi Chipembedzo Zinayambira Kutsutsana
KATSWIRI wina wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, dzina lake Nicolaus Copernicus anali kuwerenga movutikira ali chigonere. Apa n’kuti ali ndi zaka 70 ndipo anali atangotsala madzi amodzi. M’manja mwake ananyamula mapepala a buku lomwe anali kulemba ndipo apa n’kuti litafika poti angathe kukalisindikiza. Kaya iyeyu ankadziwa kapena ayi, buku lakeli linadzasinthiratu mmene anthufe timaonera zakuthambo. Bukuli linayambitsanso nkhani imene inavuta kwambiri m’Matchalitchi Achikristu, yomwe ikukhudzabe anthu mpaka pano.
Copernicus anali Mkatolika wa ku Poland ndipo nkhani ili pamwambayi inachitika mu 1543. Copernicus analemba buku lakuti On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere, momwe analongosolamo kuti dzuwa, osati dziko lapansili, ndilo lili pakati pa chigawo cha mumlengalenga chimene muli dziko lapansili ndi mayiko ena eyiti. M’buku limodzi lokhali, Copernicus anamveketsa bwino mfundo imeneyi ndipo anatsutsa mfundo yovuta kumvetsa yakuti dziko ndilo lili pakati pa chigawochi.
Poyamba sizinkaoneka kuti nkhaniyi idzavuta patsogolo. Kungoti Copernicus ankasamala pouza ena maganizo akewa. Komanso zinkaoneka kuti Tchalitchi cha Katolika, chomwe chinkagwirizana ndi mfundo yoti dziko ndilo lili pakati, chinalibe vuto kwenikweni ndi zoganiza za asayansi panthawiyo. Ngakhale papa weniweniyo analimbikitsa Copernicus kuti asindikize buku lakelo. Mapeto ake Copernicus anasindikizadi bukulo, ndipo mwamantha, mkonzi wa bukulo anafotokoza m’mawu oyamba a bukulo kuti, zoti dzuwa ndilo lili pakati ndi za masamu chabe basi koma sikuti n’zoona kwenikweni tikatengera pa sayansi ya zakuthambo.
Nkhaniyi Inafika Povuta
Kenaka panabwera katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, masamu, ndiponso kapangidwe ka zinthu, yemwenso anali Mkatolika, dzina lake Galileo Galilei, (yemwe anabadwa mu 1564 n’kumwalira mu 1642) ndipo kwawo kunali ku Italy. Pogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zoonera zinthu zakutali, zomwe anaziikira magalasi amphamvu omwe anangowatulukira kumene, Galileo anatha kuona zinthu zosiyanasiyana zakuthambo zomwe aliyense anali asanazionepo. Zimene anaonazo zinamukhutiritsa kuti Copernicus ananena zoona. Galileo anaonanso kuti dzuwa lili ndi timadontho, motero anatsutsanso mfundo ina imene akatswiri a maphunziro ofufuza nzeru zapamwamba ndiponso akuluakulu a zachipembedzo ankaikhulupirira. Mfundo yake inali yakuti dzuwa silisintha kapena kudyeka.
Galileo anali wosiyana ndi Copernicus m’njira yakuti iyeyu ankauza ena maganizo ake mosapsatira mawu ndiponso mwakhama. Ndipo anatero panthawi imene chipembedzo chinkaopseza kwambiri anthu pankhaniyi, chifukwa apa n’kuti Tchalitchi cha Katolika chitanena poyera kuti mfundo ya Copernicus sichikugwirizana nayo. Motero Galileo ataikira kumbuyo chiphunzitsochi n’kuchita kunenanso kuti n’chogwirizana ndi Malemba, Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinaona kuti iyeyu akufuna kuyambitsa chipanduko. *
Galileo anapita ku Rome kuti akafotokoze mfundo zodziikira kumbuyo koma sizinaphule kanthu. M’chaka cha 1616 tchalitchicho chinamuletsa kulimbikitsa mfundo ya Copernicus. Motero, kwa kanthawi ndithu Galileo anati zii. Koma kenaka mu 1632 iye anasindikiza buku lina lolimbikitsa mfundo ya Copernicus. Zitatero, chaka chotsatira, khoti la kafukufuku la Akatolika linalamula kuti Galileo atsekeredwe m’ndende kwa moyo wake wonse. Komabe poganizira za msinkhu wake, chilangochi anachichepetsa pasanathe nthawi yaitali, motero anangokhala pa ukaidi wosachoka panyumba.
Anthu ambiri amaona kuti kutsutsana kwa pakati pa Galileo ndi tchalitchiku kumasonyeza kuti sayansi n’njopambana kwambiri poiyerekezera ndi chipembedzo, kutanthauza kuti iyeneranso kukhala yopambana kwambiri kuposa Baibulo. Komabe, m’nkhani yotsatirayi tiona kuti kuganiza mosazama kotereku kumanyalanyaza mfundo zina zambiri.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
^ ndime 7 Galileo anaputa dala udani waukulu chifukwa ankayankha mwam’topola ndiponso mwachipongwe. Komanso ponena kuti mfundo ija n’njogwirizana ndi Malemba, anakhala ngati akunena kuti iyeyo ndiye akudziwa bwino nkhani yachipembedzo, ndipotu izi zinangowonjezera mkwiyo wa tchalitchicho.
[Chithunzi patsamba 3]
Copernicus
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Taken from Giordano Bruno and Galilei (German edition)
[Chithunzi patsamba 3]
Galileo akufotokoza mfundo zodziikira kumbuyo m’khoti la kafukufuku la Akatolika ku Rome
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
From the book The Historian’s History of the World, Vol. IX, 1904
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 3]
Background: Chart depicting Copernicus’ concept of the solar system