Phunziro Pankhani ya Chuma ndi Khalidwe

PA April 7, 1630, anthu pafupifupi 400 ananyamuka ku England pa zombo zinayi zapamadzi kupita ku America. Pagululi panali anthu ambiri ophunzira kwambiri. Ena anali anthu olemera a mabizinesi. Ndipo ena anali aphungu a nyumba ya malamulo. Panthawiyi m’dziko mwawo munali mavuto a zachuma, omwe anakulanso kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhondo ya zaka 30 yomwe inachitika ku Ulaya (kuchokera mu 1618 mpaka mu 1648). Motero, ngakhale kuti ulendowu unali woopsa, iwo anasiya nyumba zawo, mabizinesi awo, ndiponso achibale awo n’kupita kunja kukafuna moyo wabwino.

Sikuti ili linali gulu la amalonda ongofuna kupeza phindu pa mwayi winawake umene wapezeka ayi. Koma linali gulu la anthu olimba m’chipembedzo chotchedwa Puritani, ndipo anali kuthawa chifukwa chozunzidwa pankhani yachipembedzo. * Cholinga chawo chenicheni chinali choti akakhazikitse malo a anthu oopa Mulungu oti iwowo ndi mbadwa zawo akapeze chuma popanda kusiya kutsatira mfundo za m’Baibulo. Atangofika ku Salemu, ku Massachusetts, anatenga malo enaake aang’ono m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Malo atsopanowa anawatcha kuti Boston.

Zinawavuta Kukhala ndi Zinthu Zonse Ziwirizi

John Winthrop, yemwe anali mtsogoleri ndiponso wolamulira wawo, anayesetsa kulimbikitsa kuti anthu akewa akhale achuma ndiponso asamaiwale kuthandiza ena. Ankafuna kuti anthuwo akhale achuma ndiponso akhalidwe. Koma zinawavuta kukhala ndi zinthu zonse ziwirizi. Poyembekezera kukumana ndi zovuta zina pankhaniyi, iye analangiza anzakewo kwa nthawi yaitali za ntchito ya chuma pakati pa anthu a Mulungu.

Monga atsogoleri ena achipembedzo cha Puritani, Winthrop ankakhulupirira kuti kufuna chuma pakokha kulibe vuto. Iye ankati cholinga chachikulu chokhalira ndi chuma ndicho kuthandiza nacho ena. Motero ankati munthu akalemera kwambiri angathandizenso kwambiri anzake. Wolemba mbiri wina dzina lake Patricia O’Toole anati: “Nkhani ya chuma inali yovuta kwambiri  kwa Apuritani. Iwo ankaona kuti chuma chimasonyeza madalitso a Mulungu ndiponso chimam’patsa munthu chiyeso chokhala wonyada . . . ndiponso ziyeso zina zauchimo.”

Winthrop analimbikitsa anthu kuti pofuna kupewa machimo obwera chifukwa cha chuma ndiponso moyo wapamwamba, iwo ayenera kuchita chilichonse mosanyanyira ndiponso modziletsa. Komabe, kawirikawiri Winthrop ankalimbana ndi anzake aja chifukwa iwo anali ndi mzimu wofuna kupeza chuma koma iyeyo ankawakakamiza kuti asamaiwale kusangalatsa Mulungu ndiponso kukondana. Moti anthu ena sanamvere n’kuyamba kutsutsana naye chifukwa choti iwo ankaona kuti akulowerera kwambiri pa nkhani zawo. Ena anayamba kulimbikitsa anthu kuti avotere gulu la anthu loti lizikambirana zochita pa nkhani zokhudza anthu onse. Ena anangosamuka basi n’kupita m’dera lapafupi lotchedwa Connecticut kuti akachite zofuna zawo.

O’Toole anati: “Ufulu, chuma ndi demokalase zinali zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa Apuritani ku Massachusetts, ndipo aliyense ankafuna kuchita zinthu zomukomera mosaganizira za mfundo za Winthrop.” Mu 1649, Winthrop anafa ali ndi zaka 61 ndiponso ali wosauka. Gulu la anthuli linapitirirabe kukhalapo ngakhale kuti linakumana ndi zovuta zambiri, koma Winthrop anafa asanaone zimene ankalakalakazo.

Akupitirizabe Kufufuza

Si John Winthrop yekha amene anaganizapo za dziko lokhala ndi moyo wabwino. Chaka chilichonse, pali anthu ambirimbiri amene amasamuka kuchoka ku Africa, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, ndi ku Latin America, pofunafuna moyo wabwino. Ena amatero chifukwa cha mabuku ambirimbiri, misonkhano, ndiponso nkhani za pa Intaneti zimene zimatulutsidwa chaka n’chaka zomwe zimalonjeza anthu kuti zingathe kuwauza chinsinsi cha mmene angakhalire olemera. N’zoonekeratu kuti pali anthu ambiri amene amafuna kwambiri chuma, n’kumaganiza kuti angathe kukhala ndi chuma n’kukhalanso amakhalidwe abwino.

Kunena zoona, anthu otere anong’oneza bondo. Anthu ofuna kwambiri chuma nthawi zambiri amapezeka kuti asiya makhalidwe abwino ndipo nthawi zina amasiya ngakhale chikhulupiriro chawo. Motero, simungalakwe kufunsa kuti: “Kodi n’zotheka kukhala Mkristu woona komanso wolemera? Kodi zidzatheka kuti anthu akhale achuma komanso oopa Mulungu?” Baibulo limayankha mafunso amenewa, monga mmene nkhani yotsatirayi ikusonyezera.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Boats: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/​J. G. Heck; Winthrop: Brown Brothers