Baruki Mlembi Wokhulupirika wa Yeremiya

KODI mumam’dziwa “Baruki mwana wa Neriya”? (Yeremiya 36:4) Ngakhale kuti anatchulidwa m’machaputala anayi okha m’Baibulo, anthu amene amawerenga Baibulo amam’dziwa bwino kwambiri kuti anali mlembi ndiponso mnzake wapamtima wa mneneri Yeremiya. Anali limodzi m’mavuto a zaka 18 zomalizira za ufumu wa Yuda, pamene Yerusalemu anawonongedwa mochititsa mantha ndi Ababulo m’chaka cha 607 B.C.E., ndiponso pamene anapita kukakhala kudziko la eni la Igupto.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa kunapezeka zidindo zadongo * ziwiri za m’zaka za m’ma 600 B.C.E. zomwe zinali ndi mawu akuti “Mwini wake ndi Berekhyahu [dzina la Baruki m’Chihebri], mwana wa Neriyahu [dzina la Neriya m’Chihebri], Mlembi.” Zidindozi zadzutsa chidwi cha akatswiri a zamaphunziro chofuna kudziwa za munthu wa m’Baibulo ameneyu. Kodi Baruki anali ndani? Kodi anachokera m’banja lotani? Nanga maphunziro ake anali otani, ndipo kodi anali ndi udindo wanji? Kodi kukhalabe wokhulupirika kwa Yeremiya kumavumbula zinthu zotani zokhudza Baruki? Kodi tingaphunzire chiyani kwa iye? Tiyeni tifufuze mayankho a mafunsowa poona nkhani yochokera m’Baibulo ndiponso nkhani za m’mbiri zimene zilipo.

Banja Limene Anachokera ndi Udindo Wake

Akatswiri ambiri masiku ano amakhulupirira kuti Baruki anachokera ku banja lotchuka la alembi, ku Yuda. Iwo amanena zimenezo pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani ya m’Baibulo imatchula Baruki ndi dzina laudindo wapadera wakuti, “mlembi.” Malemba amatchulanso kuti mchimwene wake, Seraya, anali munthu wofunika kwambiri m’khoti la Mfumu Zedekiya.​—Yeremiya 36:32; 51:59.

Katswiri wa mbiri ya zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi, Philip J. King, analemba za alembi a m’tsiku la Yeremiya kuti: “Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 600 ndiponso kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 500 B.C.E., alembi anali anthu a m’gulu la akatswiri otchuka mu Yuda. . . . Udindo umenewu unkaperekedwa kwa akuluakulu a m’banja lachifumu.”

Kuwonjezera apo, nkhani ya m’chaputala 36 cha buku la Yeremiya, imene tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane, ikufotokoza kuti Baruki ankatha kulankhulana ndi alangizi a mfumu ndipo ankaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito chipinda chodyera, kapena chipinda cha Gemariya amene anali kalonga kapena mkulu waboma, chimene akuluakulu aboma ankakumanako. Katswiri wina wa maphunziro a Baibulo, James Muilenberg, ananena kuti: “Baruki ankalowa m’chipinda chapadera cha alembi chifukwa anali ndi ufulu wochita zimenezo, ndipo iyeyo anali mmodzi wa akuluakulu aboma a m’banja lachifumu amene anali nawo limodzi panthawi yofunika kwambiri yowerenga mpukutu pamaso pa anthu. Iye anali m’gulu la akuluakulu abomawo.”

Buku la Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals limanenanso chifukwa china chotsimikizira kuti Baruki anali mlembi motere: “Popeza kuti chidindo chadothi cha Berekhyahu chinapezeka pa gulu lalikulu la zidindo zadothi zina za akuluakulu aboma, m’pomveka kunena kuti Baruki kapena  kuti Berekhyahu anali m’gulu lomwelo la akuluakulu aboma.” Zimene zikudziwika panopa zikusonyeza kuti Baruki ndi mchimwene wake Seraya, anali akuluakulu aboma amene anathandiza mneneri wokhulupirika Yeremiya m’zaka za zochitika zochititsa chidwi, Yerusalemu asanawonongedwe.

Anathandiza Yeremiya Mosabisa

Malinga ndi ndondomeko ya nthawi, Baruki anatchulidwa koyamba pa Yeremiya chaputala 36, “chaka chachinayi cha Yehoyakimu,” kapena cha m’ma 625 B.C.E. Panthawiyi Yeremiya anali atakhala mneneri kwa zaka 23.​—Yeremiya 25:1-3; 36:1, 4.

Yehova tsopano anauza Yeremiya kuti: “Tenga buku lampukutu, nulembe mmenemo mawu onse ndanena kwa iwe akunenera Israyeli, ndi akunenera Yuda, ndi akunenera amitundu onse, . . . kuyambira masiku a Yosiya, mpaka lero.” Nkhaniyo imapitiriza motere: “Yeremiya anaitana Baruki mwana wa Neriya; ndipo Yeremiya analembetsa Baruki . . . mawu onse a Yehova, amene ananena naye.”​—Yeremiya 36:2-4.

N’chifukwa chiyani Baruki anaitanidwa? Yeremiya anamuuza kuti: “Ndaletsedwa sindithayi kulowa m’nyumba ya Yehova.” (Yeremiya 36:5) Zikuoneka kuti Yeremiya anali ataletsedwa kupita kukachisi kumene uthenga wa Yehova unkawerengedwerako, mwina chifukwa chakuti mauthenga oyambirira ochokera kwa Mulungu kudzera mwa Yeremiya anakwiyitsa akuluakulu aboma. (Yeremiya 26:1-9) Mosakayikira, Baruki anali wolambira Yehova woona, ndipo “anachita monga mwa zonse anamuuza iye Yeremiya mneneri.”​—Yeremiya 36:8.

Ntchito yolemba machenjezo amene anaperekedwa m’nyengo ya zaka 23 imeneyi, inali yotenga nthawi yaitali, ndipo mwinanso Yeremiya ankadikira nthawi yoyenerera zimenezo. Koma mu November kapena December 624 B.C.E., Baruki molimba mtima, “anawerenga m’buku mawu a Yeremiya m’nyumba ya Yehova, m’chipinda cha Gemariya . . . , m’makutu a anthu onse.”​—Yeremiya 36:8-10.

Mikaya mwana wa Gemariya anauza bambo ake ndi akalonga ena zimene zinachitikazo, ndipo anaitana Baruki kuti awerengenso mpukutuwo. Nkhaniyi imati: “Ndipo panali, pamene anamva mawu onse, anaopa nayang’anana wina ndi mnzake, nati kwa Baruki, Tidzam’fotokozeratu mfumu mawu awa onse. . . . Pita nubisale iwe ndi Yeremiya; munthu yense asadziwe kumene muli.”​—Yeremiya 36:11-19.

Mfumu Yehoyakimu itamva zimene Baruki analemba mouzidwa ndi Yeremiya, inang’amba mpukutuwo mokwiya, n’kuuponya pamoto ndipo inalamula anyamata ake kuti amange Yeremiya ndi Baruki. Molamulidwa ndi Yehova, Yeremiya ndi Baruki analembanso mpukutu wina pamene anali kobisala.​—Yeremiya 36:21-32.

N’zosakayikitsa kuti Baruki ankadziwa kuti ntchito imene ankagwirayo inali yoopsa. Ayenera kuti ankadziwa zoti zaka zingapo zimenezi zisanachitike, Yeremiya ankaopsezedwa. Ayeneranso kuti anamva zimene zinachitikira Uriya, amene ananenera “monga mwa mawu onse a Yeremiya” koma anaphedwa ndi Mfumu Yehoyakimu. Komabe, Baruki anafuna kugwiritsa ntchito luso lake ndi ubwenzi womwe anali nawo ndi akuluakulu aboma, kuthandiza Yeremiya pa ntchito imeneyi.​—Yeremiya 26:1-9, 20-24.

Usadzifunire “Zinthu Zazikulu”

Pamene ankalemba mpukutu woyambirira, Baruki anakumana ndi mavuto. Iye anadandaula kuti: “Kalanga ine tsopano! Pakuti Yehova wawonjezera chisoni pa zowawa zanga; ndalema ndi kubuula kwanga, sindipeza kupuma.” Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani zinthu zinafika pamenepa?​—Yeremiya 45:1-3.

Palibe yankho lachindunji pa funso limeneli. Koma tangoyesani kuganiza za mmene Baruki analili. Kufotokoza za machenjezo opita kwa Israyeli ndi Yuda omwe anaperekedwa kwa zaka 23, kuyenera kuti kunapangitsa mpatuko wawo limodzinso ndi kukana kwawo Yehova kuonekera kwambiri. Baruki ayenera kuti anachita mantha ndi maganizo a Yehova oti awononge Yerusalemu ndi Yuda ndi kupititsa mtunduwo ku ukapolo wa ku Babulo kwa zaka 70, zinthu zimene Yehova ananena chaka chomwecho chimene Baruki analemba mpukutu woyambirira, ndipo mwina zimenezi zinalembedwanso mu mpukutuwo. (Yeremiya 25:1-11) Ndiponso, akanatha kutaya udindo ndi ntchito yake chifukwa chothandiza  Yeremiya molimba mtima panthawi yovuta imeneyi.

Mulimonsemo, Yehova analowererapo kuti athandize Baruki kukumbukira za chiweruzo chimene chinali kubwera. Yehova anati: “Chimene ndamanga ndidzapasula, ndi chimene ndaoka ndidzazula; ndidzatero m’dziko lonseli.” Ndiyeno analangiza Baruki kuti: “Kodi udzifunira wekha zinthu zazikulu? Usazifune.”​—Yeremiya 45:4, 5.

Yehova sanatchule kuti “zinthu zazikulu” zimenezi zinali chiyani, koma Baruki ayenera kuti ankadziwa kuti zinali zotani, mwina zadyera, kutchuka, kapena ulemerero wakuthupi. Yehova anam’patsa uphungu uwu kuti aone zinthu molondola ndiponso kuti asaiwale zimene zinali m’tsogolo: “Ndidzatengera zoipa pa anthu onse, . . . koma moyo wako ndidzakupatsa iwe ngati chofunkha m’malo monse mmene mupitamo.” Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chimene Baruki anali nacho, moyo wake, unasungidwa kulikonse kumene iye akanapita.​—Yeremiya 45:5.

Zitachitika zinthu zimenezi, zomwe zinalongosoledwa pa Yeremiya chaputala 36 ndi 45, ndipo zinachitika kuyambira mu 625 mpaka 624 B.C.E., Baibulo silinatchulenso Baruki mpaka kutatsala miyezi yowerengeka yokha kuti Ababulo awononge Yerusalemu ndi Yuda mu 607 B.C.E. Kodi kenako chinachitika n’chiyani?

Baruki Anathandizanso Yeremiya

Panthawi imene Ababulo anazinga Yerusalemu, Baruki anatchulidwanso mu nkhani ya m’Baibulo. Yeremiya “anatsekeredwa m’bwalo la kaidi” pamene Yehova anamuuza kuti agule munda wa msuweni wake ku Anatoti monga chizindikiro chakuti zinthu zidzabwezeretsedwa mwakale. Baruki anaitanidwa kuti athandizire pa za malamulo.​—Yeremiya 32:1, 2, 6, 7.

Yeremiya anafotokoza kuti: ‘Ndinalemba chikalata, ndichisindikiza, ndiitana mboni zambiri, ndiyesa ndalama m’miyeso. Ndipo ndinatenga kalata wogulira, wina wosindikizidwa, . . . ndi wina wovundukuka; ndipo ndinapereka kalata wogulirayo kwa Baruki.’ Ndipo kenako anauza Baruki kuti aike makalata ogulira malowo m’mbiya yadothi, kuti asungike. Ophunzira ena amakhulupirira kuti pamene Yeremiya ananena kuti ‘analemba’ kalata, ayenera kuti analembetsa kalatayo Baruki, amene anali mlembi waluso.​—Yeremiya 32:10-14; 36:4, 17, 18; 45:1.

 Baruki ndi Yeremiya anatsatira malamulo a nthawi imeneyo. Chinthu chimodzi chimene chinkafunika ndicho kulemba zikalata ziwiri zogulira malo. Buku lakuti Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals limafotokoza kuti: “Chikalata choyamba chinkatchedwa ‘chikalata chotseka’ chifukwa ankachikulunga n’kuchidinda ndi chidindo kapena zidindo zadothi; ndipo chinali chimene ankalemba panthawi yopanga panganolo . . . Chachiwiri, ‘chikalata chosatseka’ chinali chinzake cha chikalata chotseka chija ndipo chinali choti akhoza kuchiwerenga nthawi ina iliyonse. Choncho, pankakhala zikalata ziwiri, choyamba ndi china chofanana nacho, zolembedwa pa mapepala a gumbwa.” Zofukulidwa m’mabwinja zimachitira umboni kuti nthawi imeneyo anthu ankasunga m’mbiya za dothi zikalata zoterezi.

Pomaliza, Ababulo analanda mzinda wa Yerusalemu, n’kuutentha ndi moto, n’kutengera kuukapolo anthu onse kupatulapo anthu owerengeka amene anali osauka. Nebukadinezara anasankha Gedaliya kukhala kazembe. Iye anaphedwa patapita miyezi iwiri. Mosemphana ndi chenjezo la Yeremiya limene anauziridwa ndi Mulungu, Ayuda amene anatsala anaganiza zopita ku Igupto, ndipo Baruki anatchulidwanso m’nkhani imeneyi.​—Yeremiya 39:2, 8; 40:5; 41:1, 2; 42:13-17.

Atsogoleri achiyuda anauza Yeremiya kuti: “Unena zonama; Yehova Mulungu wathu sanakutumiza iwe kudzanena, Musalowe m’Aigupto kukhala mmenemo; koma Baruki mwana wake wa Neriya atichichizira inu, mutipereke m’dzanja la Akasidi, kuti atiphe ife, atitengere ife am’nsinga ku Babulo.” (Yeremiya 43:2, 3) Zikuoneka kuti atsogoleri achiyudawa, ankayimba mlandu Baruki pokhulupirira kuti ndi amene analimbikitsa Yeremiya kuti alankhule zimenezo. Kodi ankaganiza kuti chifukwa cha udindo wa Baruki kapena chifukwa chakuti anakhala mnzake wa Yeremiya kwa nthawi yaitali, Baruki sanali mlembi wamba wa mneneriyo? Mwina n’kutheka, koma mulimonse mmene atsogoleri achiyudawo anaganizira, uthengawo unachokeradi kwa Yehova.

Mosasamala kanthu za machenjezo a Mulungu, Ayuda otsalawo ananyamuka ndi kutenga “Yeremiya mneneri, ndi Baruki mwana wake wa Neriya” limodzi nawo. Yeremiya analemba kuti: “Anadza nalowa m’dziko la Aigupto; pakuti sanamvera mawu a Yehova; ndipo anadza mpaka ku Tapanesi,” mzinda umene unali kumalire ndi Sinai, kum’mawa kwa dera limene mtsinje wa Nile unatsirira m’nyanja yaikulu. Kuchokera pamenepo, Baruki sanatchulidwenso m’Baibulo.​—Yeremiya 43:5-7.

Kodi Tingaphunzirenji kwa Baruki?

Pali zinthu zambiri zofunika zimene tingaphunzire kwa Baruki. Phunziro limodzi lalikulu kwambiri ndilo mtima wake wofuna kugwiritsa ntchito luso lake ndi ubwenzi womwe anali nawo ndi akuluakulu aboma potumikira Yehova, mosasamala kanthu zotsatirapo zake. Amuna ndi akazi ambiri a Mboni za Yehova masiku ano, amasonyeza mzimu wofanana ndi umenewu, mwa kugwiritsa ntchito luso lawo potumikira pa Beteli, pantchito yomanga, ndi ntchito zina. Kodi inuyo mungasonyeze motani mzimu wofanana ndi wa Baruki?

Baruki atakumbutsidwa kuti m’masiku otsiriza a Yuda, kunalibe nthawi yoti munthu azifuna “zinthu zazikulu,” zikuoneka kuti anamvera, chifukwa analandira moyo wake monga chofunkha. Tingachite bwino kutsatira uphungu umenewu, pamene tikukhala m’masiku otsiriza a dongosolo la zinthuli. Yehova watilonjeza zofanana ndi zimenezo, kuti moyo wathu udzapulumutsidwa. Kodi nafenso tingalabadire mawu otikumbutsa amenewo ngati mmene Baruki anachitira?

Palinso chinthu china chothandiza chimene tingaphunzire kuchokera m’nkhaniyi. Baruki anathandiza Yeremiya ndi msuweni wake kutsatira malamulo pamene ankagulitsana munda, ngakhale kuti anthu awiriwa anali pachibale. Chimenechi ndi chitsanzo cha m’Malemba kwa Akristu amene amachita malonda ndi abale ndi alongo awo auzimu. Ndi zogwirizana ndi Malemba, ndi zothandiza, ndiponso n’kusonyeza chikondi ngati titsatira chitsanzo chimenechi, cholemba mapangano tikamachita malonda.

Ngakhale kuti Baruki anangotchulidwa mwachidule m’Baibulo, n’ngofunika kuti Akristu onse am’dziwe masiku ano. Kodi mutengera chitsanzo chabwino cha mlembi wokhulupirika wa Yeremiya ameneyu?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Chidindo chadongo cha Baruki

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Bulla: Courtesy of Israel Museum, Jerusalem