Misewu ya Aroma Zikumbutso za Luso Lakale la Zomangamanga

KODI n’chinthu chiti pa zikumbutso za Aroma chimene chimadziwika kwambiri? Kodi mungati n’chinyumba chachikulu chamasewera, chotchedwa Colosseum, chimene mabwinja ake akalipo mpaka pano ku Roma? Ngati tikufuna kudziwa za zomangamanga za Aroma, zakale kwambiri kapena zimene zasintha kwambiri mbiri, tiyenera kuganiza za misewu.

Si katundu yekha kapena asilikali ankhondo okha amene adutsapo m’misewu ikuluikulu ya Aroma. Katswiri wotanthauzira zilembo zozokotedwa, dzina lake Romolo A. Staccioli anati, misewu imeneyi “inathandiza kwambiri kufalitsa nzeru, zojambulajambula, ndiponso ziphunzitso zokhudzana ndi nzeru za anthu komanso chipembedzo,” kuphatikizapo chiphunzitso chachikristu.

Kuyambira kale kwambiri misewu yakhala ikukumbutsa anthu za luso la Aroma la zomangamanga. Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri, Aroma anamanga misewu yambiri yolumikizana bwino m’dera lomwe tsopano muli mayiko oposa 30, ndipo misewu yonse inali yokwana makilomita oposa 80,000.

Msewu woyamba komanso wofunikira kwambiri wa via publica, kapena kuti msewu waukulu, unkatchedwa Via Appia, kapena kuti msewu wa Apiyo. Unkadziwika kuti ndi msewu wapamwamba kwambiri ndipo unkachoka ku Roma kupita ku doko komanso ku mzinda wa Brundisiuma (tsopano Brindisi), komwe anthu ankadzera popita Kum’mawa. Msewu umenewu anautcha dzina la Appius Claudius Caecus, mkulu wa boma la Roma yemwe anayamba kuumanga m’chaka cha 312 B.C.E. Panalinso misewu ya Via Salaria ndi Via Flaminia yomwe inkachoka ku Roma n’kulowera kum’mawa kupita ku nyanja ya Adriatic, kutsegula njira yopita ku mayiko a ku Balkans komanso ku Rhine ndi ku madera a Danube. Msewu wa Via Aurelia unalowera kumpoto kupita ku Gaul, Spain ndi Portugal, ndipo msewu wa Via Ostiensis unkapita ku Ostia, doko limene Aroma ankakonda kudutsa pobwera ndi kuchoka ku Africa kuno.

Ntchito Yaikulu Kwambiri Yomanga ku Roma

Misewu inali yofunika kwambiri kwa mzinda wa Roma ngakhale pamene anthu a mu mzindawo anali asanayambe kumanga misewu yatsopano. Mzindawu unamangidwa pomwe njira zakale zinkakumana, pamalo okhawo kumathero kwa mtsinje wa Tiber pamene anthu ankatha kuwoloka. Malinga ndi umboni wa makedzana, akuti Aroma anabera luso la ku Carthage pokongoletsa misewu yomwe anaipeza. Koma amene anayambitsa luso lomanga misewu lomwe Aroma anatengera makamaka anali anthu a ku Etruria. Mabwinja a misewu yawo alipobe mpaka lero. Komanso, kuderali kunali kale njira zomwe anthu ankakonda kuyendamo, ulamuliro wa Aroma usanayambe. Njirazi ziyenera kuti ankadutsitsamo ziweto kuchokera ku busa lina kupita ku lina. Komabe, njirazi zinali zovuta kuyendamo, chifukwa chakuti zinkachita fumbi m’nthawi ya chilimwe ndipo m’nthawi ya dzinja zinkachita matope. Nthawi zambiri Aroma ankamanga misewu yawo m’njira zimenezi.

Misewu ya Aroma inkakonzedwa bwino ndipo inkamangidwa kuti ikhale yolimba, yothandiza kwambiri ndiponso yokongola. Zikuoneka kuti, ankapeza njira yachidule kwambiri yolumikizira malo, zimene zikutanthauza kuti misewu yambiri inali yoongoka. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, misewuyo inkatsatira mmene malowo alili. Ngati n’zotheka, malo akakhala a mapiri, akatswiri omanga misewu a ku Roma ankamanga misewu yawoyo kumbali ya phiri komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala dzuwa koma chapamwamba pang’ono. Kwa anthu oyenda m’misewuyi, malo amenewo ankawachepetsera  mavuto aliwonse amene akanabwera ngati nyengo siili bwino.

Nanga kodi Aroma ankamanga motani misewu yawoyi? Ankamanga mosiyanasiyana, koma taonani zimene ofukula za m’mabwinja apeza.

Ankayamba n’kulemba njira imene msewuwo udzadutsemo. Ntchito imeneyi inkaperekedwa kwa akatswiri oyeza malo a m’nthawi imeneyo. Kenako, ntchito ya kalavula gaga, yokumba, ankagwira ndi magulu a asilikali, ogwira ntchito zokumbakumba, kapena akapolo. Ankakumba ngalande mbali zonse ziwiri. Ngalandezo zinkakhala zotalikirana mamita pafupifupi 2.4, koma nthawi zambiri zinkakhala zotalikirana mamita 4, ndipo akakhala malo okhota zinkatalikirana kuposa pamenepo. Msewu umene amaliza kuumanga, nthawi zina m’lifupi mwake unkakwana mamita 10, kuphatikizapo malo oyendamo anthu mbali zonse ziwiri. Kenaka, ankayepula dothi limene linali pakati pa ngalande ziwiri zija mpaka atapeza dothi lolimba, n’kupanga dzenje. Ankadzadza dzenjelo ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamitundu inayi. Choyamba inkakhala miyala ikuluikulu kapena zidutswa za nyumba  yogumuka. Kenako ankayala miyala yosalala, mwina inkakhala yogwirana ndi konkire. Ndipo pamwamba pake ankayalapo timiyala ting’onoting’ono.

Pamwamba pa misewu ina ya Aroma ankangoyalapo timiyala ting’onoting’ono basi. Komabe, misewu yowaka ndi yomwe anthu a m’nthawi imeneyo ankachita nayo chidwi kwambiri. Pamwamba pa misewu yoteroyo ankaikapo miyala ikuluikulu, kawirikawiri ankagwiritsa ntchito miyala imene inkapezeka m’deralo. Misewuyi inali yokwera pang’ono pakati, kuti madzi a mvula azitha kutsetsereka kuchoka pakati pa nsewu kupita m’ngalande zija zimene zili mbali zonse ziwiri za msewuwo. Kamangidwe kameneka n’kamene kachititsa kuti misewu imeneyi ikhale yolimba ndiponso kuti ikhale ikupezekabe mpaka m’masiku athu ano.

Patapita zaka pafupifupi 900 chimangidwire msewu wa Apiyo, katswiri wina wa mbiri yakale wa ku Byzantine, Procopius, anafotokozapo kuti msewu umenewu ndi “wabwino koposa.” Ponena za miyala ikuluikulu imene inaikidwa pamwamba pa msewuwo analemba kuti: “Ngakhale kuti papita nthawi yaitali ndiponso kuti magalimoto ndi ngolo zakhala zikudutsa m’misewuyo tsiku ndi tsiku, koma sinawonongeke, komanso idakali yosalala.”

Kodi misewuyi ankaidutsitsa motani pa zopinga zachilengedwe, monga mitsinje? Njira imodzi yofunika inali milatho, imene ina mwa iyo idakalipo mpaka lero, zomwe zikupereka umboni wa luso lapadera kwambiri la zomangamanga lomwe Aroma anali nalo kale. Mwina misewu imene Aroma anaimanga poidutsitsa m’nthaka n’njosadziwika kwambiri, koma tikaganizira za luso ndi zida zomwe zinalipo panthawi imeneyo, tiona kuti anaimanga mwapamwamba kwambiri. Buku lina la maumboni limati: “Luso la zomangamanga la Aroma . . . lili ndi zotsatirapo zimene zidzakhala zosayerekezereka kwa zaka zambiri.” Chitsanzo ndi malo otchedwa Furlo pamene msewu wa Via Flaminia unadutsa m’mwala. Kalekale, mu 78 C.E., akatswiri a zomangamanga atayeza bwino, anabowola mwala n’kupanga msewu. Bowo lomwe anapangalo linali lotalika mamita 40, m’lifupi mwake linali lokwana mamita 5 ndipo linali la mamita 5 kuchoka pansi kufika m’mwamba. Poganizira zida zimene zinalipo panthawiyo, imeneyi inali ntchito yochititsa chidwi. Inalidi ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri kumanga misewu yoteroyo.

Apaulendo ndi Kugawana Nzeru

Asilikali ndi anthu amalonda, alaliki ndi anthu odzaona malo, anthu ochita zisudzo ndiponso anthu ochita masewera omenyana pogwiritsa ntchito zida, onsewa ankagwiritsa ntchito misewu imeneyi. Anthu oyenda pansi ankatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 25 mpaka 30 patsiku. Anthu apaulendo ankatha kudziwa za mtunda poona zipilala zosonyeza kutalika kwa mitunda. Zipilala zimenezi zinkamangidwa mosiyanasiyana koma nthawi zambiri zinkakhala zozungulira, ndipo zinkaikidwa pa mtunda uliwonse wa mamita 1,480, komwe kunali kutalika kwa mailo imodzi ya Chiroma. M’misewuyi  munalinso malo amene anthu ankatha kupuma, mmene anthu apaulendo ankatha kusintha mahatchi, kugula chakudya, kapena nthawi zina, kugona usiku wonse. Ena mwa malo amene munkachitika zimenezi anasanduka matauni ang’onoang’ono.

Kutatsala pang’ono kuti Chikristu chiyambe, Kaisara Augusto anayamba ntchito yokonza misewu. Anasankha akuluakulu aboma kuti aziyang’anira msewu umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Anaimika chipilala chagolide pamalo omwe ankachitirapo misonkhano ndipo ankachitcha miliarium aureum. Chipilala chimenechi, chinali ndi zilembo za mkuwa, ndipo chinali pa malo abwino pamene panathera misewu yonse ya Aroma ku Italy. N’chifukwa chake pali mwambi wakuti: “Misewu yonse imathera ku Roma.” Augusto analinso ndi mapu amene anajambula misewu yonse ya mu ufumu wake. Zikuoneka kuti misewuyo inathandiza kwambiri pokwaniritsa zosowa za anthu ndiponso inali yogwirizana ndi malamulo a m’nthawi imeneyo.

Anthu apaulendo ena akale ankagwiritsa ntchito mabuku a mapu, kuti asavutike paulendo wawo. Mapu amenewa ankasonyeza kutalika kwa mitunda pakati pa malo amene anthu ankapuma ndiponso ankasonyeza zinthu zimene zinkapezeka m’malo opumawo. Komabe, mabuku amenewo anali okwera mtengo, motero ankapezeka ndi anthu owerengeka.

Ngakhale zinali choncho, alaliki achikristu ankakonzekeratu mmene angayendere ndipo ankayenda maulendo ambiri ataliatali. Mtumwi Paulo, mofanana ndi anzake ena, ankasankha kuyenda panyanja akamapita chakum’mawa, kuti mphepo ithandizire kukankha ngalawa yawo. (Machitidwe 14:25, 26; 20:3; 21:1-3) M’miyezi ya chilimwe, panyanja ya Mediterranean pamaomba mphepo kuchokera kumadzulo. Koma, Paulo akamapita chakumadzulo, kawirikawiri ankayenda pamtunda, ndipo potero ankagwiritsa ntchito misewu ya Aroma. Potsatira ndondomeko imeneyi, Paulo anakonza ulendo wake wachiwiri ndiponso wachitatu wa umishonale. (Machitidwe 15:36-41; 16:6-8; 17:1, 10; 18:22, 23; 19:1) * Cha m’ma 59 C.E., Paulo anayenda kudzera msewu wa Apiyo kukafika ku Roma ndipo anakumana ndi okhulupirira anzake ku Bwalo la Apiyo, lomwe linali pa mtunda wa makilomita 74 kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Roma. Anthu ena anam’dikira pa mtunda wa makilomita 14 kufupi ndi Roma, ku Nyumba za Alendo Zitatu. (Machitidwe 28:15) Cha m’ma 60 C.E., Paulo anatha kunena kuti uthenga wabwino walalikidwa “m’dziko lonse lapansi,” monga mmene ankadziwira dziko m’nthawi imeneyo. (Akolose 1:6, 23) Misewuyo inathandizira kuti zimenezi zitheke.

Choncho, misewu ya Aroma yakhala yochititsa chidwi ndipo imatikumbutsabe za luso lakale la Aroma, komanso yathandizira kuti uthenga wabwino wa Ufumu wa Mulungu ulalikidwe.​—Mateyu 24:14.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 14]

Chipilala cha Aroma chosonyeza kutalika kwa mtunda

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Msewu wa Via Appia kunja kwa mzinda wa Roma

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Msewu wa ku Ostia wakale, ku Italy

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Njira zowandidwa ndi ngolo zakale, ku Austria

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Mbali ya msewu wa Aroma yomwe ili ndi zipilala zosonyeza kutalika kwa mitunda, ku Jordan

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Manda akale m’mbali mwa msewu wa Via Appia kufupi ndi mzinda wa Roma

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Malo otchedwa Furlo pamene msewu wa Via Flaminia unadutsa m’mwala, m’dera la Marche

[Chithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

Mlatho wa Tiberiyo mu msewu wa Via Emilia pa Rimini, ku Italy

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Paulo anakumana ndi okhulupirira anzake pa Bwalo la Apiyo

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Far left, Ostia: ©danilo donadoni/​Marka/​age fotostock; far right, road with mileposts: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.