Christophe Plantin​—Katswiri pa Ntchito Yosindikiza Mabaibulo

JOHANNES GUTENBERG (wa zaka za m’ma 1397 mpaka 1468) anatchuka chifukwa chosindikiza Baibulo loyamba pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira. Koma anthu ambiri sam’dziwa Christophe Plantin. Iye ndi amene anali katswiri pa ntchito yosindikiza ndipo anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri, imene inachititsa kuti mabuku ndi Mabaibulo azipezeka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi m’zaka za m’ma 1500.

Christophe Plantin anabadwa cha m’ma 1520 ku Saint-Avertin ku France. Pofunafuna malo amene anthu angamvetse zikhulupiriro za zipembedzo ndiponso amene kungapezeke njira yopezera ndalama kuposa ku France, ali ndi zaka zoposera 25, Plantin anakakhazikika ku Antwerp ku Mayiko a Kumunsi. *

Plantin anayamba ntchito yake yopanga mabuku komanso zinthu za zikopa. Anthu olemera ankafuna kwambiri zinthu zachikopa zimene iye ankapanga mwaluso. Komabe, mu 1555, panachitika chinthu china chimene chinapangitsa Plantin kusintha ntchito yakeyo. Ali paulendo wopita kukapereka kabokosi kachikopa kamene anapangira wolamulira wa Mayiko a Kumunsi, Mfumu Phillip Wachiwiri wa ku Spain, anakumana ndi anthu omwe anamuchita chipongwe mu msewu ku Antwerp. Amuna ena oledzera anam’baya ndi lupanga paphewa. Ngakhale bala la Plantin linapola, iye sankatha kugwira ntchito yamanja yolimba ndipo anakakamizika kusiya ntchito yakeyo. Ndi thandizo la ndalama limene Hendrik Niclaes, mtsogoleri wa gulu lomwe linkatsatira ziphunzitso za Anabaptist anam’patsa, Plantin anayamba ntchito yosindikiza mabuku.

“Ntchito Ndiponso Khama”

Plantin anaitcha nyumba yake yosindikizira mabuku, De Gulden Passer (Makampasi Ojambulira Agolide). Chizindikiro cha malonda ake chinali cha makampasi ojambulira agolide awiri ndi mawu akuti, “Labore et Constantia,” kutanthauza kuti “Ntchito Ndiponso Khama.” Chizindikirochi chinkamuyenerera mwamuna wakhama ameneyu.

Koma popeza kuti ankakhala m’nthawi imene chipembedzo ndiponso ndale zinali zosokonezeka kwambiri ku Ulaya, Plantin ankayesetsa kupewa mavuto. Ntchito yosindikiza inali yofunika kwambiri kwa iyeyo kuposa china chilichonse. Ngakhale sanali kutsutsa gulu lofuna kusintha zinthu la Apolotesitanti, iye “sanali kudziwika bwinobwino kuti ali mbali iti pankhani ya chipembedzo,” anatero mlembi Maurits Sabbe. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panabuka mphekesera zambiri zonena kuti Plantin akusindikiza mabuku ampatuko. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1562, anakakamizidwa kuti athawire ku Paris kwa nthawi yoposa chaka chimodzi.

Plantin atabwerera ku Antwerp mu 1563, analowa mu mgwirizano ndi amalonda olemera, omwe ambiri a iwo ankadziwika kuti amakhulupirira ziphunzitso za Calvin. Atakhala mu mgwirizanowo kwa zaka zisanu, mabuku osiyanasiyana okwana 260 anasindikizidwa pa makina a Plantin. Amenewa anaphatikizapo Mabaibulo a Chiheberi, Chigiriki, ndi Chilatini komanso Mabaibulo okongola a Catholic Louvain, m’Chidatchi.

“Ntchito Yaukatswiri Yosindikiza Yofunika Koposa”

Mu 1567, Mayiko a Kumunsi anali kutsutsa kwambiri ulamuliro wa Spain, Mfumu Phillip Wachiwiri wa ku Spain anatumiza Kalonga wa ku Alba kuti akakhale bwanamkubwa kumeneko. Ndi mphamvu zochokera kwa mfumu, kalongayo anayesetsa kuthetsa Chipolotesitanti chotsutsa chomwe chinali kukula. Choncho, Plantin anayamba ntchito yaikulu imene ankayembekezera kuti ingachotse maganizo amene anthu anali nawo oti iye ndi wampatuko. Anafunitsitsa  kusindikiza Baibulo lophunzirira limene malemba ake anali m’zinenero zoyambirira. Plantin anapempha thandizo kwa Phillip Wachiwiri, kuti asindikize Baibulo latsopano limeneli. Mfumuyi inalonjeza kuti ipereka thandizo la ndalama ndipo itumiza katswiri wa zaumunthu Arias Montano kuti akhale woyang’anira ntchitoyo.

Montano anali ndi luso lodziwa zinenero, ndipo ankagwira ntchito maola 11 patsiku. Anathandizidwa ndi akatswiri a zinenero za Chisipanishi, Chibelijani, ndi Chifalansa. Cholinga chawo chinali chokonza Baibulo latsopano Lophatikiza Zinenero la Complutensian. * Kuphatikiza pa malemba a Baibulo la Chilatini la Vulgate, ndi Septuagint ya Chigiriki, ndiponso malemba a Chiheberi oyambirira, Baibulo latsopano la Plantin Lophatikiza Zinenero linalinso ndi Targum ya Chialamu ndi Peshitta ya Chisuriya pamodzi ndi malemba ake a m’Chilatini omasuliridwa motsatira kwambiri zinenerozo.

Ntchito yaikulu yosindikiza inayamba mu 1568, n’kumalizidwa mu 1572, ndipo ntchito imeneyi inatha mwachangu kwambiri. M’kalata yake yomwe analembera Mfumu Phillip Wachiwiri, Montano analemba kuti: “Ntchito yambiri imamalizika kuno m’mwezi umodzi, kusiyana ndi imene imamalizidwa ku Roma m’chaka chimodzi.” Plantin anasindikiza Mabaibulo 1,213 a Baibulo latsopano Lophatikiza Zinenero, ndipo lililonse linali ndi mavoliyumu akuluakulu asanu ndi atatu. Patsamba la mutu wa Baibulolo anasindikizapo chithunzi cha mkango, ng’ombe, mmbulu, ndiponso mwana wa nkhosa, zikudyera m’chodyera chimodzi, kusonyeza mawu amene ali pa Yesaya 65:25. Mtengo wa Mabaibulo omwe anali asanaikidwe chikuto cholimba unali magiuda 70, ndipo zimenezi zinali ndalama zambiri popeza kuti nthawi imeneyo mabanja ambiri ankapeza ndalama zokwana magiuda 50 pachaka. Baibulo lonse linadzatchedwa kuti Baibulo Lophatikiza  Zinenero la ku Antwerp. Linali kutchedwanso Biblia Regia (Baibulo Lachifumu) chifukwa chakuti linalembedwa ndi thandizo lochokera kwa Mfumu Phillip Wachiwiri.

Ngakhale kuti Papa Gregory wa chi 13 anavomereza Baibulolo, Arias Montano anali atadzudzulidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito yakeyo. Chifukwa chimodzi chinali chakuti Montano ankaona kuti malemba oyambirira a Chiheberi anali opambana kuposa a Vulgate ya Chilatini. Mdani wake wamkulu anali León de Castro wa ku Spain, yemwe anali wamaphunziro apamwamba a zaumulungu ndipo ankaganiza kuti Vulgate ya Chilatini ndilo linali Baibulo lokha lovomerezedwa. De Castro anaimba mlandu Montano kuti m’malembamo analembamo mfundo zokana Utatu. Mwachitsanzo, de Castro anati mu Peshitta ya Chisuriya munalibe mawu a pa 1 Yohane 5:7 omwe ena anachita kuwawonjezerapo ndipo ndi onama akuti “kumwamba, Atate, Mawu, ndi Mzimu Woyera: ndipo atatu amenewa ndi mmodzi.” (King James Version) Komabe, khoti la kafukufuku la Akatolika la ku Spain linapeza kuti Montano analibe mlandu wampatuko umene ankamuganizira. Anthu ena ankaliona Baibulo Lophatikiza Zinenero la ku Antwerp kukhala “ntchito yofunika koposa yaukatswiri yosindikiza yomwe inachitidwa ndi munthu mmodzi m’zaka za m’ma 1500.”

Phindu Losatha

Anthu ambiri amene ankagwira ntchito yosindikiza pa nthawiyi ankakhala ndi makina osindikizira awiri kapena atatu okha. Koma, mmene ankafika pachimake pa ntchito yakeyo, Plantin anali ndi makina osindikizira osachepera 22 ndiponso antchito okwanira 160. Iye anatchuka kukhala munthu yemwe ankasindikiza mabuku ambiri kuposa wina aliyense, m’mayiko onse amene ankalankhula Chisipanishi.

Izi zili chomwechi, Mayiko a Kumunsi anayamba kutsutsa kwambiri ulamuliro wa Spain. Ku Antwerp kunali chipolowe. Mu 1576, asilikali a ku Spain amene anali asanalandire malipiro awo, anaukira ndi kulanda katundu mu mzindawo. Nyumba zoposa 600 zinatenthedwa, ndipo anthu ambirimbiri a ku Antwerp anaphedwa. Anthu amalonda anathawa mu mzindawo. Zimenezi zinawonongetsa chuma chambiri cha Plantin. Ndipo anam’kakamiza kuti apereke msonkho wokwera kwambiri.

Mu 1583, Plantin anasamukira ku Leiden, mzinda umene unali pamtunda wa makilomita 100 kumpoto kwa Antwerp. Kumeneko anatsegulako nyumba yosindikizira, ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala wosindikiza mabuku a pa yunivesite ya Leiden, sukulu imene Apolotesitanti otsatira Calvin anakhazikitsa. Milandu yakale ija yoti anagalukira Tchalitchi cha Katolika inabukanso. Choncho Plantin anabwerera ku Antwerp cha kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1585, patangopita nthawi yochepa mzindawo utayambanso kulamulidwa ndi Spain. Panthawi imeneyo anali ndi zaka za m’ma 60, ndipo kampani yake ya The Golden Compass inali italowa pansi kufika pa antchito anayi okha amene ankagwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira amodzi. Plantin anayambanso ntchito yodzutsa kampani. Koma sinakhalenso monga mwakale, ndipo Plantin anamwalira pa July 1, 1589.

Pa zaka 34, Christophe Plantin anasindikiza mabuku okwana 1,863, zimene zikutanthauza kuti chaka chilichonse ankasindikiza mabuku 55. Ngakhale masiku ano, imeneyi ingakhale ntchito yaikulu kwambiri yochitidwa ndi munthu mmodzi. Ngakhale kuti Plantin sanafune kulowerera kwambiri moyo wopembedza, ntchito yakeyo sinangopititsa patsogolo ntchito yosindikiza mabuku yokha ayi, koma inapititsanso patsogolo maphunziro a Malemba ouziridwa. (2 Timoteyo 3:16) Indedi, Plantin ndi osindikiza mabuku anzake, anachita ntchito yaikulu kwambiri imene inathandiza kuti Mabaibulo azipezeka kwa anthu wamba.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/​Chithunzi patsamba 15]

NYUMBA YOSUNGIRAMO ZINTHU ZAKALE YA PLANTIN-MORETUS

Nyumba imene inali mumzinda wa Antwerp mmene Plantin ndi ana ake ankakhala ndi kugwiriramo ntchito, inatsegulidwa mu 1877 kukhala nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kuti anthu azikaona. Palibenso nyumba ina yosindikizira imene yakhalapobe kuchokera m’nthawi imeneyo. Makina asanu osindikizira a m’zaka za m’ma 1600 ndi za m’ma 1700 ali pachionetsero. Palinso makina ena awiri odziwika kuti ndiwo akale kwambiri padziko lonse a m’zaka zoyandikana ndi nthawi imene Plantin anakhalako. M’nyumba imeneyi mumasungidwa zikombole pafupifupi 15,000 zoumbira zilembo, zikombole za matabwa zokwana 15,000, ndiponso zitsulo zamkuwa 3,000 zimene pali zilembo. Laibulale ya m’nyumba imeneyi ili ndi mipukutu yokwanira 638, ya m’zaka za m’ma 800 mpaka m’ma 1500, komanso mabuku okwanira 154 omwe anasindikizidwa chisanafike chaka cha 1501. Pa mabukuwa palinso Baibulo la Gutenberg, la m’zaka zam’mbuyo, chisanafike chaka cha 1461, komanso pali Baibulo la Plantin Lophatikiza Zinenero la ku Antwerp lotchuka lija.

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Arias Montano

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Baibulo Lophatikiza Zinenero la ku Antwerp lili ndi malemba a Chiheberi, “Vulgate” ya Chilatini, “Septuagint” ya Chigiriki,” komanso “Peshitta” ya Chisuriya ndi Targum ya Chialamu pamodzi ndi mamasuliridwe a Chilatini

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/​Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Both images: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/​Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen