Mmene Mipukutu Inafikira Pokhala Baibulo Lathunthu

KWA zaka zambiri m’mbuyomu, anthu akhala akusunga nkhani m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Kale, olemba nkhani ankalemba nkhanizo pa zinthu monga zipilala, miyala, matabwa, ndiponso zikopa. Pofika m’nthawi ya atumwi, ku Middle East anthu ambiri anayamba kulemba pa mipukutu. Kenaka kunabwera njira ina imene patsogolo pake inalowa m’malo mwa mipukutuyo n’kusanduka njira imene aliyense ankagwiritsa ntchito polemba zinthu. Njira imeneyi inathandiza zedi kuti Baibulo lifale kwambiri. Kodi inali njira yotani ndipo inayamba bwanji kugwiritsidwa ntchito?

Inali njira yokonza masamba a buku n’kuwasanja pamodzi kuti akhale buku lotha kutseguka. Mabuku amakono anachokera pa mabuku akalewa. Mabuku akalewa anali ndi masamba amene ankatha kuwapinda, kuwaika pamodzi, n’kuwamangirira ndi chingwe. Zinkatheka kulemba mbali zonse ziwiri za masambawo ndipo mabukuwa ankakhala ndi chikuto. Mabuku akalewa anali osiyana kwambiri ndi mabuku amakono, koma monga mmene zimakhalira zinthu zambiri zotulukiridwa kumene, mabukuwa ankawakonza mogwirizana ndi zofuna ndiponso makonda a anthu amene ankawagwiritsira ntchito.

Matabwa, Phula, Ndiponso Zikopa

Poyamba mabuku akalewa nthawi zambiri ankawapanga ndi matabwa opakidwa phula. M’tauni ya Herculaneum, yomwe inawonongedwa limodzi ndi mzinda wa Pompeii panthawi imene phiri la Vesuvius linaphulika mu 79 C.E., anapezamo matabwa angapo opakidwa phula, okhala ndi zilembo. Matabwawo anawakhomerera pamodzi monga mmene mapepala amakhalira m’buku. Patsogolo pake, anasiya kulemba pa matabwa n’kuyamba kulemba pa zinthu zotha kupindika. M’Chilatini, mabuku oterewa, ankatchedwa membranae, kapena kuti zikopa, chifukwa choti nthawi zambiri masamba ake ankakhala azikopa.

Mabuku ena oterewa amene adakalipobe ndi a zomera zotchedwa gumbwa, zimene ena amati milulu. Mabuku akale kwambiri achikhristu, anapezeka m’dziko la Egypt ndipo anasungika bwino chifukwa choti anali m’madera enaake ouma a dzikoli. Mabukuwa analinso a gumbwa. *

 Kodi Ankagwiritsa Ntchito Mipukutu Kapena Mabuku Akale?

Zikuoneka kuti nthawi zambiri Akhristu ankagwiritsira ntchito mipukutu, mpaka cha kumapeto kwa nthawi ya atumwi. Kuyambira panthawi imeneyi mpaka kufika cha m’ma 200 C.E. panali kusamvana pakati pa anthu okonda mabukuwa ndi anthu okonda mipukutu. Anthu osafuna kusintha, omwe anazolowera kugwiritsira ntchito mipukutu, sankafuna kusiyana nayo mipukutu yomwe anaizolowerayo. Komano taganizirani mmene zinkakhalira munthu akamawerenga zinthu zolembedwa pa mpukutu. Nthawi zambiri mpukutu umodzi unkakhala ndi timipukutu tingapo ta gumbwa tomwe ankatimata pamodzi n’kupanga mpukutu wautali. Akatero, mpukutuwo ankaupinda pamodzi. Mawu ankawalemba mkati mwa mpukutuwo. Pofuna kuwerenga mpukutu, munthu amafutukula mpukutuwo kuti apeze mbali imene akufunayo. Akamaliza kuwerengako, amaupindanso bwinobwino. (Luka 4:16-20) Nkhani yonse imene munthu analemba siinkakwana pa mpukutu umodzi, motero kuwerenga zinthu pamipukutu inali ntchito payokha. Ngakhale zikuoneka kuti Akhristu a m’zaka za m’ma 100 ankakonda kukopera Malemba pogwiritsira ntchito njira ya mabuku akale aja, anthu anapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mipukutu kwa zaka zambiri. Komabe, akatswiri ena a nkhaniyi amakhulupirira kuti mabuku akalewa anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa choti Akhristu ankawakonda.

Ubwino wa mabuku amenewa unali wosachita kufunsa. Anali ndi malo ambiri olembamo, sankavuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito ndiponso kuwanyamula. Ngakhale kuti anthu ena kalelo anaona ubwino wakewu, ambiri zinawatengera nthawi kuti asiye kugwiritsa ntchito mipukutu. Komabe patatha zaka zambiri zedi, panachitika zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zinachititsa kuti mabukuwa atenge malo.

Poyerekezera ndi mipukutu, mabuku akalewa anali otsika mtengo. Anthu ankatha kulemba mbali zonse za masamba ake, ndipo mabuku angapo ankatha kuwamangirira pamodzi. Akatswiri ena amati mabukuwa anatchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu monga Akhristu ndiponso oweruza milandu chifukwa choti zinali zosavuta kupeza mbali inayake imene munthu akufuna kuwerenga. Akhristu ankathandizidwa kwambiri pantchito yawo yolengeza uthenga wabwino chifukwa ankatha kukonza timabuku ting’onoting’ono, kapenanso ankatha kukonza mndandanda wa malemba ofunikira a m’Baibulo. Kuphatikiza pamenepo, mabukuwa ankakhala ndi chikuto, nthawi zambiri chathabwa, motero ankakhalitsa kuposa mipukutu.

Mabuku akalewa analinso osavuta kuwerenga pawekha. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 200, timabuku ting’onoting’ono ta zikopa ta uthenga wabwino tinkapezeka ndi anthu amene ankati ndi Akhristu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, anthu afalitsa mabuku mabiliyoni ambirimbiri oterewa, okhala ndi Baibulo lonse kapena mbali zake zina.

Masiku ano pali njira zambiri zimene zathandiza kuti anthu adziwe mosavuta nzeru za Mulungu zimene zili m’Baibulo. Baibulo limapezeka pa makompyuta, makaseti, ndi mabuku. Kaya m’makonda Baibulo la mpangidwe wotani, yesetsani kukonda Mawu a Mulungu, ndipo muziwaganizira tsiku lililonse.​—Salmo 119:97, 167.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Zithunzi patsamba 15]

Mabuku akalewa anathandiza kwambiri kuti Baibulo lifale