Kodi Nkhani za M’Mabuku a Uthenga Wabwino N’zenizeni?

“Masiku ano tiyenera kudziwa kuti mabuku a uthenga wabwino ndi nthano zopekedwa ndi Akhristu akale.”​—Anatero Burton L. Mack, yemwe anali pulofesa wa maphunziro a mabuku a m’Chipangano Chatsopano.

PALI anthu ambiri amene ali ndi maganizo angati a pulofesayu. Mwachitsanzo, pali akatswiri angapo amene amati nkhani zolembedwa m’mabuku a uthenga wabwino, a Mateyo, Maliko, Luka, ndi Yohane, si zenizeni. M’mabukuwa muli nkhani zofotokoza moyo wa Yesu ndiponso utumiki wake. Koma kodi n’chifukwa chiyani anthu ena amaganiza kuti nkhani za m’mabuku amenewa ndi nthano chabe? Nanga kodi inuyo muyenera kukayikira mabukuwa chifukwa cha maganizo amenewa? Tiyeni tione umboni wotsimikizira kuti zimene zinalembedwa m’mabukuwa n’zenizeni.

Ena Amakayikira Mabukuwa

Kuchokera pamene Yesu anabadwa, panadutsa zaka 1,700 anthu ambiri asakukayikira nkhani zolembedwa m’mabuku a uthenga wabwino. Koma kungoyambira cha m’ma 1800, akatswiri ambiri anayamba kunena kuti mabukuwa si ouziridwa ndi Mulungu koma ndi nthano zongopeka. Komanso anayamba kutsutsa zoti olemba mabuku a uthenga wabwino ankalemba zinthu zimene iwowo anaona Yesu akuchita kapenanso zimene anamva kwa anthu amene anaziona. Iwowa amanenanso kuti olemba mabukuwa anali anthu osadziwa kulemba mbiri molondola. Akatswiriwa amati mabuku atatu oyambirira ndi ofanana kwambiri ndipo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti olembawo ankangokopera zolemba za anzawo. Akatswiri enanso amati si zoona kuti Yesu anachita zozizwitsa ndiponso amatsutsa zoti anauka kwa akufa monga mmene mabuku a uthenga wabwino amanenera. Ena achita kufika ponena kuti Yesu sanali munthu weniweni, koma kuti anali wongopeka.

Anthu amenewa anenaponso kuti Maliko ndiye analemba buku loyamba la uthenga wabwino chifukwa akuti m’buku lake mulibe zinthu zambiri zosiyana ndi zimene zili m’buku la Mateyo ndi Luka. Anthuwa amanenanso kuti Mateyo ndi Luka analemba mabuku awo pokopera zimene Maliko analemba ndiponso kuti anakoperanso zinthu zina mumpukutu winawake umene amati ndi woyambirira. Katswiri wina wa maphunziro a Baibulo, dzina lake A.F.J. Klijn, anati maganizo otchukawa “anachititsa kuti olemba mabuku a uthenga wabwino azionedwa ngati anthu ongotolera tinkhani tosiyanasiyana n’kupanga buku.” Zimenezi zachititsa kuti anthu azikayikira zoti Baibulo ndi buku louziridwa ndi Mulungu poganiza kuti olemba mabuku a uthenga wabwino ndi anthu ongokopera zinthu ndiponso opeka nthano.​—2 Timoteyo 3:16.

Kodi N’zoona Kuti Olemba Mabukuwa Ankangokoperana?

Kodi n’zoona kuti kufanana kwa nkhani zolembedwa m’mabuku a uthenga wabwino kumatsimikizira kuti olemba mabukuwa ankangokoperana? Ayi si zoona. Chifukwa chimodzi chimene tikuyankhira choncho n’chakuti Yesu analonjeza ophunzira ake kuti mzimu woyera ‘udzawakumbutsa zonse zimene anawauza.’ (Yohane 14:26) Motero n’zosadabwitsa kuti olemba mabuku a uthenga wabwino anakumbukira ndi kulemba nkhani zina zofanana. Inde, n’zotheka kuti olemba Baibulo ena anawerenga ndiponso kulemba zinthu zina zotengedwa m’mabuku a anzawo ena olemba Baibulo. Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti iwowa anali anthu ongokopera nkhani za ena, m’malomwake zikungosonyeza kuti iwo ankafufuza bwinobwino nkhani zonse zimene ankalemba. (2 Petulo 3:15) Kuwonjezera pa mfundo imeneyi, buku lina lofotokoza za m’Baibulo linati: “N’kutheka kuti nkhani zosaiwalika zimene Yesu ankaphunzitsa zinalembedwa mofanana chifukwa choti panthawiyi anthu anali ndi luso lotha kusimba molondola nkhani zosiyanasiyana zimene amva.”​—The Anchor Bible Dictionary.

Luka anati analankhula ndi anthu ambiri amene  anaona nkhani zimene analemba ndiponso kuti ‘anafufuza zinthu zonse mosamala kwambiri kuchokera pachiyambi.’ (Luka 1:1-4) Kodi zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti Luka anali munthu wongokopera za anzake kapenanso wongopeka nthano? Ayi, si choncho. Katswiri wina wa mbiri yakale, dzina lake William Ramsay, ananena mawu otsatirawa atafufuza mozama nkhani za m’buku la Luka. Iye anati: “Luka ndi katswiri wodziwa kulemba bwino mbiri yakale. Nkhani zake n’zolondola komanso anazilemba motsatira ndondomeko yonse ya kalembedwe ka mbiri yakale . . . Luka ayenera kuikidwa m’gulu la olemba mbiri aluso kwambiri padziko lonse.”

Umboni wa akatswiri akale a maphunziro a mawu a Mulungu, monga Origen, yemwe anakhalapo m’ma 200 C.E, umatsimikiziranso kuti Mateyo ndiye anayamba kulemba buku la uthenga wabwino. Origen analemba kuti: “Buku loyamba la uthenga wabwino linalembedwa ndi Mateyo, yemwe poyamba anali wokhometsa msonkho, koma kenaka anadzakhala wophunzira wa Yesu Khristu. Iyeyu analemba bukuli m’Chiheberi kuti liwerengedwe ndi Ayuda amene anadzakhala Akhristu.” Pamenepa n’zoonekeratu kuti, popeza Mateyo anali mtumwi ndipo anachita kuona yekha zonse zimene analemba zokhudza Yesu, panalibe chifukwa choti achite kukopera zimene Maliko analemba, chifukwa Maliko sanachite kuziona ndi maso ake. Ndiyeno kodi n’zoona kuti Mateyo ndi Luka anachita kukopera nkhani zawo kwa Maliko ndiponso mumpukutu winawake umene amati ndi woyambirira?

Kodi Maliko Ndiye Anayamba Kulemba Buku Lake?

Buku lina lofotokoza Baibulo linati mfundo yakuti buku la uthenga wabwino wa Maliko ndilo linayamba kulembedwa ndiponso kuti Mateyo ndi Luka anakopera nkhani zawo m’bukulo si “yotsimikizirika  ngakhale pang’ono.” (The Anchor Bible Dictionary) Komatu akatswiri ambiri amaona kuti Maliko ndi amene anayamba kulemba buku lake ndipo Mateyo ndi Luka anadzalemba mabuku awo pambuyo pake. Pofuna kutsimikizira mfundo yawoyi iwo amati m’buku la Maliko mulibe zinthu zambiri zosiyana ndi zimene zili m’mabuku ena a uthenga wabwino. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wina wa maphunziro a Baibulo wa m’zaka za m’ma 1800, dzina lake Johannes Kuhn anati buku la Maliko liyenera kuti ndilo linayamba kulembedwa. Ndipo anati ngati sichoncho ndiye kuti “tingati Maliko anaduladula mipukutu iwiri ya Mateyo ndi Luka, n’kuiponya mumphika kenaka n’kusakanizasakaniza mpaka kupanga buku lake la uthenga wabwino.”

Popeza kuti buku la Maliko ndilo lalifupi kwambiri pa mabuku onse a uthenga wabwino, n’zosadabwitsa kuti m’bukuli muli nkhani zochepa chabe zomwe zili zosiyana ndi za m’mabuku enawo. Komabe zimenezi sizikutsimikizira kuti bukuli linali loyamba kulembedwa. Komanso si zoona kuti m’buku la Maliko mulibe zinthu zambiri zosiyana ndi zimene zili m’buku la Mateyo ndi Luka. Buku la Maliko limasimba za utumiki wa Yesu m’njira yosapita m’mbali komanso yomveka bwino ndipo lili ndi ndime zopitirira 180 zomwe sizipezeka m’buku la Mateyo ndi Luka. Buku limeneli limasimba nkhani za moyo wa Yesu mosiyana kwambiri ndi mabuku enawo.​—Onani  bokosi patsamba 13.

Kodi N’zoona Kuti Panali Mpukutu Winawake Woyambirira?

Nanga tinganene chiyani pankhani ya mpukutu umene amati unali woyambirira womwenso anthu ena amati Mateyo ndi Luka anakopamo nkhani za m’mabuku awo? Pulofesa wina wa nkhani za chipembedzo, dzina lake James M. Robinson ananena kuti: “N’zodziwikiratu kuti palibe mpukutu wina uliwonse wa mabuku achikhristu wofunika kuposa mpukutu umenewu.” Mawu amenewa ndi odabwitsa chifukwa choti mpukutuwu supezeka masiku ano, ndipo kunena chilungamo, palibe aliyense amene angatsimikizire kuti unakhalapo n’komwe. Akatswiri ena amati mpukutuwu unali wofala nthawi inayake. Koma ngati zimenezi zili zoona, bwanji panopo mpukutuwu supezeka kwina kulikonse? Komanso akatswiri akale a maphunziro a mawu a Mulungu satchula mawu alionse ochokera mu mpukutuwu.

Taganizirani izi. Akatswiri amasiku anowa amati mwina mpukutuwu unalikodi ndipo unkatsimikizira mfundo yakuti Maliko ndiye anayamba kulemba buku lake. Ndiye kodi n’zomveka kuyesa kutsimikizira mfundo inayake pogwiritsa ntchito umboni umenenso uli wosatsimikizirika? Tikamaganizira mfundo zopanda umboni ngati zimenezi, n’chinthu chanzeru kukumbukira mwambi wakuti: “Wachibwana akhulupirira mawu onse; koma wochenjera asamalira mayendedwe ake.”​—Miyambo 14:15.

Nkhani za M’mabukuwa Ndi Zenizeni

Chifukwa cha mfundo zawo zopanda umboni, akatswiriwa achititsa anthu ambiri kuti asakhale ndi chidwi chofuna kumvetsa bwino nkhani za uthenga wabwino zonena za moyo ndi utumiki wa Yesu. Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza momveka bwino kuti Akhristu oyambirira sankaona kuti nkhani zosimba za utumiki, moyo, komanso imfa ndi kuuka kwa Yesu ndi nthano chabe. Panali anthu ambirimbiri amene anaona zinthu zonsezi zikuchitika, omwe anatsimikizira kuti nkhanizi ndi zoona. Akhristu akalewa ankalolera kuzunzidwa ndi kuphedwa pofuna kutsatira Yesu. Ankatero chifukwa ankadziwa kuti nkhani zokhudza utumiki ndiponso kuuka kwa Yesu sizinali nthano chabe chifukwa zikanakhala choncho ndiye kuti kukhala Mkhristu kunalibe ntchito.​—1 Akorinto 15:3-8, 17, 19; 2 Timoteyo 2:2.

Ponena za kusamvana kumene kulipo pankhani yakuti Maliko ndiye anayamba kulemba buku lake ndiponso kuti pali mpukutu winawake woyambirira womwe panopo sukupezekanso, George W. Buchanan, yemwe ndi pulofesa wa maphunziro a za mawu a Mulungu, anati: “Kuganizira kwambiri mfundo zopanda umbonizi kungachititse mphwayi munthu amene akufuna kuphunzira mabuku a m’Baibulo amenewa.” Mfundo imeneyi ndi yogwirizana ndi malangizo amene mtumwi Paulo anapereka kwa Timoteyo akuti “asamvere nkhani zonama ndi kukumba mibadwo ya makolo. Zimenezi n’zosapindulitsa, koma zimangoyambitsa mafunso ofuna kufufuza ndiponso siziphunzitsa chilichonse chochokera kwa Mulungu chokhudza chikhulupiriro.”​—1 Timoteyo 1:4.

Inde, nkhani zimene zinalembedwa m’mabuku a uthenga wabwino ndi zenizeni. Ndi nkhani zochokera kwa anthu amene anaona zimene zinachitikazo. Zinafufuzidwa bwino kwambiri. Zimatidziwitsa mfundo zambiri zochititsa chidwi zokhudza moyo wa Yesu Khristu. Motero, monga anachitira Timoteyo, ifenso tiyenera kumvera mawu a Paulo akuti: “Pitiriza kutsatira zimene unaphunzira ndi zimene unakhulupirira utakhutira nazo.” Tili ndi zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti “Malemba onse [kuphatikizapo mabuku anayi a uthenga wabwino] anawauzira ndi Mulungu.”​—2 Timoteyo 3:14-17.

[Bokosi patsamba 13]

 Buku la Maliko Likanapanda Kulembedwa, Sitikanadziwa Izi:

Yesu anayang’ana mokwiya ndi kumva chisoni kwambiri chifukwa cha kuuma mtima kwa Afarisi (Maliko 3:5)

Yohane ndi Yakobe ankatchedwa kuti Aboanege (Maliko 3:17)

Mkazi amene anali ndi nthenda yotaya magazi anawononga chuma chake chonse (Maliko 5:26)

Herodiya anam’sungira chidani mu mtima Yohane M’batizi. Herode anali kuopa Yohane ndipo anali kum’teteza bwino (Maliko 6:19, 20)

Yesu anauza ophunzira ake kuti apumule pang’ono (Maliko 6:31)

Afarisi ankasamba m’manja mpaka m’zigongono (Maliko 7:2-4)

Yesu anatenga ana m’manja mwake (Maliko 10:16)

Yesu anam’konda wolamulira wachinyamata uja (Maliko 10:21)

Petulo, Yakobe, Yohane, ndi Andireya anam’funsa Yesu pambali (Maliko 13:3)

Mnyamata wina anasiya nsalu yake n’kuthawa (Maliko 14:51, 52)

Komanso, m’buku la Maliko muli fanizo limodzi ndiponso zozizwitsa ziwiri za Yesu zomwe sizipezeka m’buku lina lililonse.​—Maliko 4:26-29; 7:32-37; 8:22-26.

Uthenga wabwino wa Maliko uli ndi nkhani zambiri zomwe sizipezeka m’mabuku ena a uthenga wabwino. Tikamayesetsa kusinkhasinkha za mmene tingapindulire ndi nkhani zimenezi, tingayambe kuzindikira kuti bukuli ndi lofunika kwambiri.