Baibulo la Vatican Codex Ndi Chuma

KU Vatican kuli zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali. Kuli zithunzi, ziboliboli ndiponso zomangamanga zokongola komanso zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Komabe, kwa zaka zambiri, anthu sankaloledwa kuona chimodzi mwa chuma chamtengo wapatali, chomwe chili m’nyumba yosungira mabuku ku Vatican. Chuma chimenechi ndi Baibulo lakale kwambiri lotchedwa Vatican Codex, lomwe limathandiza anthu kumvetsa mbali zina za Mawu a Mulungu omwe analembedwa zaka masauzande zapitazo. *

Akatswiri a Baibulo ambiri amaona kuti mabaibulo enanso akale kwambiri, omwe ndi Alexandrine ndi Sinaitic, ndi amtengo wapatali. Ndipo pali nkhani zambiri zochititsa chidwi zokhudza mmene mabaibulowa anapezedwera komanso mmene anapulumutsidwira kuti asawonongedwe. Komabe, kumene kunachokera Baibulo la Vatican Codex sikukudziwika.

Chuma Chobisika

Kodi Baibulo la Vatican Codex linachokera kuti? Baibulo limeneli linatchulidwa koyamba m’zaka za m’ma 1400 C.E. pamndandanda wa mabuku amene anali m’nyumba yosungira mabuku ku Vatican. Akatswiri a Baibulo amaganiza kuti mwina linapangidwa ku Iguputo kapena ku Kaisareya kapenanso ku Roma. Ataunika zimene akatswiri osiyanasiyana ananena, pulofesa wina dzina lake J. Neville Birdsall, wapayunivesite ya Birmingham, ku England, ananena kuti: “Mwachidule, sitinganene motsimikiza za nthawi kapena malo amene Baibuloli linachokera, ndipo ngakhale akatswiri atayesetsa kufufuza kwambiri, sitingadziwe kumene Baibuloli linali zaka za m’ma 1400 C.E. zisanafike.” Komabe, anthu amati Baibulo la Vatican Codex ndi limodzi mwa mabaibulo athunthu ofunika kwambiri. N’chifukwa chiyani zili choncho?

Patapita zaka zambiri kuchokera pamene Baibulo linalembedwa, anthu amene ankakopera Baibulo analakwitsa mavesi ena. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu omasulira Baibulo, omwe amafuna kumasulira molondola, azilephera kupeza mabuku odalirika amene anali ndi malemba oyambirira. Motero, n’zodziwikiratu kuti akatswiri a Baibulo anasangalala kwambiri atapeza Baibulo lachigiriki la Vatican Codex, lomwe linalembedwa m’zaka za m’ma 300 C.E., pasanathe zaka 300 kuchokera pamene Baibulo lonse linamalizidwa kulembedwa. Baibulo la Vatican Codex lili ndi mabuku onse a m’Baibulo a Malemba Achiheberi ndi Achigiriki Achikhristu, ngakhale kuti mapepala ena ochepa anathothoka.

Kwa nthawi yaitali, akuluakulu a ku Vatican sankafuna kuti akatwiri a Baibulo aziwerenga Baibulo la Vatican Codex. Katswiri wina wotchuka wa kalembedwe ka mawu, dzina lake Frederic Kenyon, ananena kuti: “Mu 1843 [katswiri wa Baibulo, Konstantin von] Tischendorf, atadikira kwa miyezi yambiri, analoledwa kuona Baibuloli kwa maola 6 okha. . . . Mu 1845, Mngelezi wina yemwenso ndi katswiri wotchuka wa Baibulo, dzina lake Tregelles, analoledwa kuti alione koma asakopere kanthu.” Kenako Tischendorf anapempha kuti alionenso, koma anamukaniza chifukwa choti panthawi yoyamba ija anakopera masamba 20. Koma Kenyon ananenanso kuti, “Tischendorf atapemphanso, anapatsidwa mwayi wowerenga Baibuloli kwa masiku 6. Nthawi yonse imene iye anawerenga Baibuloli ndi masiku 14, ndipo patsiku,  ankawerenga kwa maola atatu okha. Ndipo chifukwa cha khama lake, mu 1867 iye anatulutsa Baibulo lolondola kwambiri kuposa mabaibulo ena panthawiyo.” Patapita nthawi, akuluakulu a ku Vatican anakopera Baibuloli n’kupanga lina labwino lomwe analitulutsa kuti anthu aziliona.

“Silinasinthidwe Pena Paliponse”

Kodi Baibulo la Vatican Codex linalembedwa motani? Buku lina linati: “Baibuloli linakopedwa mosalakwitsa mawu ndiponso molondola kwambiri.” Buku lomweli linanenanso kuti: “Choncho, tinganene kuti zilembo zake zinakopedwa mwa ukatswiri kwambiri.”​—The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible.

Akatswiri awiri otchuka a Baibulo, omwe maina awo ndi B. F. Westcott ndi F. J. A. Hort, anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi Baibulo la Vatican Codex. Baibulo lomwe akatswiriwa anatulutsa mu 1881, lotchedwa New Testament in the Original Greek, analikopera kuchokera ku mabaibulo a Vatican ndi Sinaitic. Ndipo mabaibulo ambiri amakono a Malemba Achigiriki Achikhristu, monga The Emphasised Bible, lomasuliridwa ndi J. B. Rotherham ndiponso New World Translation, anamasuliridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mabaibulo amenewa.

Komabe, anthu ena otsutsa amaganiza kuti Westcott ndi Hort analakwitsa kugwiritsa ntchito Baibulo la Vatican Codex. Komano, kodi mawu a m’Baibulo limeneli anali olondola mogwirizana ndi malemba oyambirira? M’zaka za pakati pa 1956 ndi 1961, akatswiri a Baibulo ambiri anasangalala chifukwa kunatuluka Baibulo la Bodmer, lomwe linalembedwa pa mapepala opangidwa ndi gumbwa. Akatswiriwo anasangalala chifukwa choti Baibuloli linali ndi machaputala ena a mabuku a Luka ndi Yohane, omwe analembedwa chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 300 C.E. Kodi uthenga wa m’mabukuwa unali wogwirizana ndi umene unadzapezeka m’Baibulo la Vatican Codex?

Akatswiri ena olemba mabuku, omwe ndi Philip B. Payne ndi Paul Canart, analemba m’buku lawo lina kuti: “Baibulo la Bodmer ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi la Vaticanus. Poona kufanana kumeneku, ndi zomveka kunena kuti amene analemba Baibulo la Vaticanus, anakopera kuchokera ku Baibulo lofanana kwambiri ndi la Bodmer. Choncho, zikuoneka kuti amene analemba Baibulo la Vatican Codex anagwiritsa ntchito Baibulo lakale kwambiri, kapena Baibulo lina limene linalembedwa pokopera lakale kwambirilo.” (Novum Testamentum) Komanso pulofesa Birdsall ananena kuti: “Mabaibulo awiriwa ndi ofanana kwambiri. . . . [Baibulo la Vatican Codex] linakopedwa molondola kwambiri ndipo zikuoneka kuti silinasinthidwe pena paliponse.”

Baibulo Lothandiza Kwambiri pa Ntchito Yomasulira

N’zoona kuti Baibulo likakhala lakale, sizitanthauza kuti ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi loyambirira. Komabe, kuyerekezera Baibulo la Vatican Codex ndi mabaibulo ena kwathandiza kwambiri akatswiri a Baibulo kudziwa zimene zinali m’malemba oyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, m’Baibulo lakale kwambiri, lomwe linatulutsidwa mu 300 C.E., lotchedwa Sinaitic, mulibe mabuku ena kuyambira pa Genesis mpaka 1 Mbiri. Koma anthu sakayikira kuti mabukuwa ndi a m’Baibulo chifukwa amapezeka m’Baibulo la Vatican Codex.

Malinga ndi buku lina lofotokoza za m’Baibulo, akatswiri a Baibulo sankagwirizana makamaka pa “mavesi ena amene amati amanena za Khristu ndiponso Utatu woyera.” (The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible) Koma kodi Baibulo la Vatican Codex lathandiza bwanji kumvetsa bwino mavesi amenewa?

Onani chitsanzo ichi. Pa Yohane 3:13, Yesu anati: “Palibe munthu amene anakwera kumwamba koma Mwana wa munthu yekha, amene anatsika kuchokera kumwambako.” Pa vesili, anthu ena omasulira anawonjezerapo mawu akuti “wokhala m’Mwambayo.” Mawu amenewa amasonyeza kuti panthawi imene Yesu anali padziko lapansi, analinso kumwamba. Ndipo mfundo imeneyi imalimbikitsa chiphunzitso chakuti pali Mulungu Atate, Mulungu Mwana ndi Mulungu Mzimu woyera. Mawu owonjezerawa amapezeka m’mabaibulo angapo omwe analembedwa m’zaka za m’ma 400 mpaka 900 C.E. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti mawuwa mulibe m’mabaibulo oyambirira a Vatican ndi Sinaitic, omasulira ambiri masiku ano amachotsa mawu amenewa akamamasulira. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti pasakhalenso chisokonezo pankhani ya Khristu ndipo zimagwirizana ndi zimene Malemba onse amanena. Yesu sanakhale kumalo awiri panthawi imodzi, koma iye  anachoka kumwamba ndipo anadzabwereranso kumwambako, ‘kukwera’ kwa Atate wake.​—Yohane 20:17.

Baibulo la Vatican Codex limatithandizanso kumvetsa bwino mavesi ena onena za cholinga cha Mulungu polenga dziko lapansi. Taonani chitsanzo ichi. Baibulo la Buku Lopatulika Ndilo Mau a Mulungu, limati mtumwi Petulo analosera kuti: “Dziko ndi ntchito zili momwemo zidzatenthedwa.” (2 Petulo 3:10) Mabaibulo enanso anamasulira mofanana ndi Baibulo limeneli potengera Baibulo la Alexandrine Codex, la m’zaka za m’ma 400 C.E. komanso potengera mabaibulo ena amene anatuluka limeneli litatuluka kale. Koma zimenezi zachititsa kuti anthu ambiri okonda kuwerenga Baibulo azikhulupirira kuti Mulungu adzawononga dziko lapansi lenilenili.

Komabe, pafupifupi zaka 100, Baibulo la Alexandrine Codex lisanatulutsidwe, Baibulo la Vatican Codex (ndiponso la Sinaitic, lomwe linatuluka panthawi yofanana ndi la Vatican Codex) linati Petulo analosera kuti: “Dziko lapansi ndi ntchito zake zidzaonekera poyera.” Kodi zimenezi zikugwirizana ndi zimene Baibulo lonse limanena? Inde. Dziko lenilenili “silidzagwedezeka ku nthawi yonse.” (Salmo 104:5) Komano kodi dziko lapansi ‘lidzaonekera poyera’ motani? Mavesi ena amasonyeza kuti mawu akuti “dziko lapansi” angagwiritsidwe ntchito mophiphiritsira. Mwachitsanzo, mavesi ena amasonyeza kuti “dziko lapansi” lingalankhule ndiponso kuyimba nyimbo. (Genesis 11:1; Salmo 96:1) Choncho, “dziko lapansi” lingatanthauze anthu. N’zolimbikitsa kwambiri kudziwa kuti Mulungu sadzawononga dziko lenilenili koma adzawononga anthu onse oipa ndiponso amene amalimbikitsa zoipa.

Mawu a Mulungu “Adzakhala Nthawi Zachikhalire”

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu sankaloledwa kuwerenga Baibulo la Vatican Codex, ndipo anthu okonda kuwerenga Baibulo, nthawi zambiri sankadziwa zoona pamavesi ena amene ankawerenga. Komabe, chitulukire Baibulo la Vatican Codex ndiponso mabaibulo ena amakono omasuliridwa molondola, anthu ofunitsitsa kudziwa choonadi cha m’Baibulo akwanitsa kudziwa zolondola.

Nthawi zambiri, anthu akale okopera Baibulo, ankalemba mawu awa m’Baibulolo: “Dzanja limene linalemba mawuwa lidzapita kumanda, koma zimene zalembedwazi zidzakhalako nthawi zonse.” Masiku ano, timayamikira kwambiri khama la anthu omwe anakopera Baibulo, omwenso sanadzitchule mayina awo. Komabe, tikuthokoza kwambiri Mlembi wake weniweni, yemwe ndi Mulungu, chifukwa choteteza Baibulo. Iye anauzira mneneri wake wina kulemba kuti: “Udzu unyala, duwa lifota, koma mawu a Mulungu wathu adzakhala nthawi zachikhalire.”​—Yesaya 40:8.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 20]

Kodi Akatswiri Amadziwa Bwanji Nthawi Imene Mabaibulo Akale Analembedwa?

Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amene anakopera Baibulo ankalemba nthawi imene anamaliza kukopera mabaibulo awo, m’mabaibulo ambiri a Chigiriki, simunalembedwe nthawi imene mabaibulowo anakopedwa. Ndiyeno, kodi akatswiri amadziwa bwanji nthawi imene mabaibulowo analembedwa? Taganizirani izi: Chinenero ndiponso zojambula zimasiyanasiyana mogwirizana ndi m’badwo wa anthu. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi kalembedwe. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a m’zaka za m’ma 300 C.E., ankalemba zilembo zikuluzikulu zosagundana zomwe ankazilemba m’mizere yoongoka. Ndipo kwa zaka zambiri, anthuwo ankalemba mwa njira imeneyi. Koma akatswiri a maphunziro amatha kuzindikira nthawi imene zilembozo zinalembedwa poyerekezera zilembo zikuluzikulu zakale kwambiri zopanda madeti ndi zina zofanana nazo zomwe zili ndi madeti.

Komabe, sikuti njira imeneyi imawathandiza kudziwa madeti a zilembo zonse. Mwachitsanzo, pulofesa Bruce Metzger, wapasukulu ina yophunzitsa zachipembedzo (Princeton Theological Seminary) anati: “Popeza kuti munthu angamasinthesinthe kalembedwe akamakula, n’zovuta kudziwa nthawi yeniyeni imene zinthu zina zinalembedwa pakadutsa zaka 50.” Choncho, kutengera paumboni umene amaupeza akayerekezera kalembedwe, akatswiri amavomereza kuti Baibulo la Vatican Codex linalembedwa m’zaka za m’ma 300 C.E.