Kodi Papa Ndi “Wolowa M’malo wa Petulo Woyera”?

M’CHAKA cha 2002, Papa Yohane Paulo Wachiwiri analembera kalata bishopu wa ku Limburg, ku Germany yosintha chigamulo chimene bishopuyo anapanga pa nkhani yochotsa mimba. Asanapereke chigamulo chake, papa anayamba n’kunena kuti iye ali ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti “matchalitchi onse akuyenda bwino ndiponso ndi ogwirizana malinga ndi chifuniro cha Yesu Khristu.” Iye anena kuti ali ndi mphamvu yosintha chigamulo cha bishopuyo chifukwa monga papa, iye ndi “wolowa m’malo wa Petulo Woyera.”

Tchalitchi cha Katolika chimanena kuti “Khristu anasankha Petulo Woyera kukhala woyang’anira atumwi ena onse.” Tchalitchichi chimanenanso kuti “Khristu anakonza zoti padzakhale anthu ena olowa m’malo mwa Petulo pa udindo umenewu mpaka kalekale ndipo olowa m’malo amenewa ndi mabishopu a Katolika.”​—New Catholic Encyclopedia (2003), Volume 11, tsamba 495-496.

Mfundo zimenezi ndi zofunika kuziganizira. Kodi inuyo munayamba mwafufuzapo kuti mudziwe ngati zimenezi zili zoona? Tiyeni tikambirane mayankho a mafunso atatu awa: (1) Kodi Baibulo limasonyeza kuti Petulo analidi papa woyamba? (2) Kodi mbiri imasonyeza kuti mzere wa apapa unayamba bwanji? (3) Kodi khalidwe la anthu amenewa komanso zimene amaphunzitsa, zimagwirizana ndi zonena zawo zoti ndi olowa m’malo a Petulo?

Kodi Petulo Anali Papa Woyamba?

Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti Petulo ndiye maziko a tchalitchi, kwa nthawi yaitali Akatolika akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mawu a Yesu opezeka pa Mateyu 16:18. Mawuwo amati: “Iwe ndiwe Petulo, ndipo pathanthwe ili ndidzamangapo mpingo wanga.” Ndipotu mawu amenewa anawalemba m’Chilatini m’tchalitchi chachikulu cha St. Peter’s ku Rome.

Bambo wina wa Tchalitchi dzina lake Augustine, pa nthawi ina ankakhulupirira kuti mpingo unamangidwa pa Petulo. Koma kenako, chakumapeto kwa moyo wake, anasintha maganizo ake ponena za mawu a Yesu opezeka pa Mateyu 16:18 aja. Augustine ananena m’buku lina kuti tchalitchi, kapena kuti mpingo wachikhristu, chinamangidwa pa Yesu osati pa Petulo. *​—Retractations.

N’zoona kuti mtumwi Petulo amatchulidwa kwambiri m’Mauthenga Abwino. Yesu anatenga atumwi atatu omwe ndi Yohane, Yakobo ndi Petulo kuti akhale naye pa zochitika zingapo zapadera. (Maliko 5:37, 38; 9:2; 14:33) Komanso Yesu anam’patsa Petulo “makiyi a ufumu wakumwamba,” amene Petulo anawagwiritsa ntchito potsegula njira yolowera mu Ufumuwo. Choyamba anatsegula njirayi kwa Ayuda ndi anthu otembenukira ku Chiyuda, kenako kwa Asamariya, ndipo pomaliza kwa anthu amitundu ina. (Mateyu 16:19; Machitidwe 2:5, 41; 8:14-17; 10:45) Popeza Petulo anali wokonda kulankhula, iye nthawi zina ankalankhula m’malo mwa atumwi ena onse. (Machitidwe 1:15; 2:14) Koma kodi zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti Petulo anali mtsogoleri wa mpingo woyambirira?

Mtumwi Paulo analemba kuti Petulo anapatsidwa “mphamvu yokhala mtumwi kwa anthu odulidwa.” (Agalatiya 2:8) Komabe tikaona nkhani yonse, timadziwa kuti mawu a Paulo amenewa sankatanthauza  kuti Petulo ankatsogolera mpingo. Apa Paulo ankangonena za udindo wa Petulo wolalikira kwa Ayuda.

Ngakhale kuti Petulo anapatsidwa udindo waukulu, m’Baibulo mulibe lemba limene limanena kuti iye ananenapo kuti ndi mutu wa mpingo moti ankatsogolera ophunzira onse. M’kalata yake anangofotokoza kuti iye anali “mtumwi” komanso “mkulu,” ndipo sanafotokoze kuti anali ndi udindo wina kuwonjezera pamenepa.​—1 Petulo 1:1; 5:1.

Kodi Mbiri Imasonyeza Kuti Mzere wa Apapa Unayamba Bwanji?

Kodi maganizo oti pazikhala apapa anayamba liti ndipo anayamba motani? Maganizo oti n’zovomerezeka kuti munthu wina azikhala wapamwamba kuposa anzake anayamba atumwi adakalipo. Koma kodi atumwi ankawaona bwanji maganizo amenewa?

Mtumwi Petulo anauza amuna amene ankatsogolera mpingo kuti ‘asamachite ufumu pa anthu amene ali cholowa chochokera kwa Mulungu,’ koma anayenera kuchitirana zinthu modzichepetsa. (1 Petulo 5:1-5) Nayenso mtumwi Paulo anachenjeza kuti mumpingo momwemo, mudzatuluka anthu ena amene “adzayamba kulankhula zinthu zopotoka kuti apatutse ophunzira aziwatsatira.” (Machitidwe 20:30) Chaka cha 100 C.E. chitatsala pang’ono kukwana, mtumwi Yohane analemba kalata ndipo m’kalatamo anadzudzula kwambiri wophunzira wina dzina lake Diotirefe. Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani iye anadzudzula Diotirefe? Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene anamudzudzulira munthu ameneyu chinali chakuti ‘ankakonda kukhala woyamba’ mumpingo. (3 Yohane 9) Malangizo ngati amenewa ochokera kwa atumwi ankakhala ngati choletsa, ndipo pa nthawiyo ankalepheretsa maganizo oipa a anthu amene ankafuna kutchuka.​—2 Atesalonika 2:3-8.

Koma atumwi onse atangomwalira, anthu ena anayamba kukula mphamvu mumpingo. Buku lina linati: “Zikuoneka kuti poyamba tchalitchi cha Katolika ku Rome sichinkatsogoleredwa ndi bishopu mmodzi yekha mpaka zaka za m’ma 150 C.E.” (The Cambridge History of Christianity) Koma pofika zaka za m’ma 200 C.E. bishopu wa ku Rome anadzipatsa yekha udindo waukulu kuposa anthu ena onse, ndipo anayamba kutsogolera mbali zina za tchalitchicho. * Pofuna kuti anthu akhulupirire mfundo yoti bishopu wa ku Rome anali ndi udindo waukulu, anthu ena analemba mndandanda wa mayina a anthu amene akuti analowa m’malo mwa Petulo.

Komabe mndandanda umenewu supereka umboni wokwanira pa nkhaniyi. Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani tikutero? Choyamba, palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti anthu ena amene ali pa mndandandawo analipodi. Komanso chifukwa chachikulu n’chakuti, zimene anthuwa amanena kuti Petulo ndiye woyamba pa mndandanda umenewu sizoona. Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani tikutero? Ngakhale zitakhala kuti Petulo analalikiradi ku Roma, ngati mmene mabuku ena a m’nthawi ya atumwi komanso a m’zaka za m’ma 100 C.E. amanenera, palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti iyeyo anali mtsogoleri wa mpingo wakumeneko.

 Umboni wina wosonyeza kuti Petulo sanali mtsogoleri wa mpingo wa ku Roma ndi wakuti pamene mtumwi Paulo ankalembera kalata Aroma, anatchula mayina a Akhristu ambiri akumeneko. Koma m’kalata imeneyi, sanatchulemo Petulo. (Aroma 16:1-23) Zikanakhala kuti Petulo ndi amene anali mtsogoleri wa mpingo kumeneko, kodi zikanatheka kuti Paulo amunyalanyaze, osamutchula?

Mfundo ina yofunika kuiganizira ndi yakuti pamene Petulo ankalemba kalata yake yoyamba, n’kuti Paulo akulemba kalata yachiwiri yopita kwa Timoteyo. Ngakhale kuti Paulo anatchula Roma m’kalata yakeyi, iye sanatchulemo Petulo. Ndipotu Paulo analemba makalata okwana 6 ali ku Roma, koma m’makalata onsewa sanatchulemo Petulo.

Patapita zaka pafupifupi 30 kuchokera pamene Paulo analemba makalata akewa, mtumwi Yohane analemba makalata atatu komanso buku la Chivumbulutso. Pa zonse zimene Yohane analembazi, palibe pamene anatchula kuti mpingo wa ku Roma unali woposa mipingo yonse komanso sanatchule za mtsogoleri wa tchalitchi aliyense yemwe anali ndi udindo wapamwamba monga wolowa m’malo wa Petulo. Palibe umboni wa m’Baibulo kapena umboni wina uliwonse umene umagwirizana ndi mfundo yoti Petulo anali bishopu woyamba wa mpingo wa ku Roma.

Kodi Khalidwe Ndiponso Ziphunzitso za Apapa Zimagwirizana Ndi Udindo Umene Amadzipatsawu?

Tingayembekezere munthu aliyense amene amanena kuti ndi “wolowa m’malo wa Petulo Woyera” komanso “Woimira Khristu” kutsatira khalidwe ndi ziphunzitso za Petulo ndi Khristu. Mwachitsanzo, kodi Petulo ankafuna kuti Akhristu anzake azimupatsa ulemu wapadera? Ayi, iye anakana kuti anthu amusonyeze ulemu wapadera. (Machitidwe 10:25, 26) Nanga bwanji Yesu? Iye ananena kuti anabwera kudzatumikira anthu, osati kudzatumikiridwa. (Mateyu 20:28) Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kodi apapa ali ndi mbiri yotani? Kodi iwo amakana kupatsidwa maudindo apamwamba, mayina aulemu ndiponso kodi amapewa kuchita zinthu zodzionetsera pa chuma komanso udindo umene ali nawo?

Petulo komanso Yesu anali anthu akhalidwe labwino ndipo ankalimbikitsa mtendere. Tayerekezerani zimenezi ndi zimene buku lina limanena pa nkhani ya Papa Leo X. Bukuli limati: “Leo X ankanyalanyaza ntchito zauzimu chifukwa chotanganidwa ndi ndale ndipo nthawi zambiri ankakondera popereka maudindo komanso anali ndi moyo wokonda zosangalatsa.” (Lexicon for Theology and Church) Karl Amon, yemwe anali wansembe wakatolika komanso mphunzitsi wa mbiri ya tchalitchi, ananena kuti pali malipoti otsimikizirika bwino onena za Papa Alexander VI osonyeza kuti “anali munthu wachinyengo, wogwiritsa ntchito udindo wake mwankhanza, wokonda kulandira ziphuphu akafuna kupereka udindo kwa munthu, komanso wakhalidwe loipa.”

Nanga kodi ziphunzitso za apapa zimagwirizana ndi zimene Petulo komanso Yesu ankaphunzitsa? Petulo sankakhulupirira kuti anthu onse abwino amapita kumwamba. Ponena za Mfumu Davide, yomwe inali munthu wabwino, iye ananena momveka bwino kuti: “Davide sanakwere kumwamba.” (Machitidwe 2:34) Komanso Petulo sankaphunzitsa kuti ana akhanda ayenera kubatizidwa. M’malomwake iye anaphunzitsa kuti munthu amene ayenera kubatizidwa ndi amene wakhulupirira ndipo akudziwa zimene akuchita.​—1 Petulo 3:21.

Yesu anaphunzitsa kuti wophunzira wake aliyense sayenera kufuna malo apamwamba kuposa anthu ena. Iye anati: “Ngati aliyense akufuna kukhala woyamba, ayenera kukhala wotsiriza pa onse, ndiponso mtumiki wa onse.” (Maliko 9:35) Yesu atatsala pang’ono kuphedwa anapereka malangizo omveka bwino kwa otsatira ake. Iye anati: “Musamatchulidwe kuti Rabi, chifukwa mphunzitsi wanu ndi mmodzi yekha, ndipo nonsenu ndinu abale. Komanso musamatchule aliyense kuti atate wanu padziko lapansi pano, pakuti Atate wanu ndi mmodzi, wakumwamba Yekhayo. Musamatchedwe ‘atsogoleri,’ pakuti Mtsogoleri wanu ndi mmodzi, Khristu.” (Mateyu 23:1, 8-10) Kodi inuyo mukuona kuti apapa amatsatira zimene Petulo komanso Khristu ankaphunzitsa?

Anthu ena amanena kuti, papa ayenera kukhalabe pa udindowu ngakhale asakutsatira zofunika monga Mkhristu. Koma kodi mfundo imeneyi ndi yomveka? Yesu anati: “Mtengo uliwonse wabwino umabala zipatso zabwino, koma mtengo uliwonse wovunda umabala zipatso zopanda pake. Mtengo wabwino sungabale zipatso zopanda pake, ndiponso mtengo wovunda sungabale zipatso zabwino.” Malinga ndi umboni umene ulipo, kodi mukuganiza kuti Petulo kapena Khristu angagwirizane ndi zipatso kapena kuti makhalidwe amene apapa amatulutsa?​—Mateyu 7:17, 18, 21-23.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Zithunzi patsamba 25]

Kodi pali umboni wosonyeza kuti apapa amatsatira chitsanzo cha Petulo?