Kodi Mukudziwa?

Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani anthu akale ankagwiritsa ntchito phula ngati matope omangira?

▪ Baibulo limanena kuti anthu amene ankamanga nsanja ya Babele ankamanga “ndi njerwa, n’kumagwiritsa ntchito phula ngati matope omangira.”—Genesis 11:3.

Phula limapangika mwachilengedwe kuchokera ku mafuta a pansi pa nthaka ndipo likatuluka, limagwirana n’kuuma. Phula limeneli limapezeka kwambiri ku Mesopotamiya ndipo anthu akale ankaliona kuti ndi zomatira zabwino kwambiri. Buku lina linanena kuti phulali “linali labwino kwambiri pomangira zinthu za njerwa zowotcha.”

M’magazini ina munali nkhani imene inafotokoza zimene anthu posachedwapa anapeza atapita kukaona mabwinja a nsanja mumzinda wakale wa Uri, ku Mesopotamiya. (Archaeology) Amene analemba nkhaniyi anati: “Pakati pa njerwa zowotcha zimene anamangira nsanjayi pamaonekabe phula. Phula limapezeka chakum’mwera kwa Iraq komwe kumapezeka mafuta ambiri. Anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito phulali ngati matope omangira asanatulukire zoti mafutanso angagwiritsidwe ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Mafuta ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene zimachititsa kuti masiku ano m’maderawa muzichitika ziwawa komanso mavuto osiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsa ntchito phula ngati matope omangira komanso popanga misewu, kunathandiza kuti zomanga za anthu a m’deralo zizikhala zolimba kwambiri komanso zokhalitsa.”

Kodi pa nthawi imene Baibulo linkalembedwa anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito ‘mapepala’ otani?

▪ Anthu amafunsa funsoli chifukwa cha zimene Yohane, yemwe analemba nawo Baibulo, ananena. Iye anati: “Ngakhale kuti ndili ndi zambiri zoti ndikulembereni, sindikufuna kuzilemba papepala ndi inki.”—2 Yohane 12.

Mawu achigiriki akuti kharʹtes amene anamasuliridwa kuti ‘pepala,’ amanena za pepala lopangidwa ndi gumbwa, chomwe ndi chomera cham’madzi. Buku lina linafotokoza mmene ankapangira mapepala kuchokera ku mapesi a zomera zimenezi. Bukuli linati: “Mapesi a gumbwa omwe nthawi zina ankakhala aatali mamita atatu, ankawasenda n’kuwalezaleza ndipo kenako ankawayala pansi mogundanagundana. Akatero ankayalanso mapesi ena pamwamba pake mopingasa. Kenako ankamenya mapesiwo ndi hamala yathabwa ndipo pamapeto pake ankawapala kuti pamwamba pake pakhale posalala potheka kulembapo.”

Ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza mapepala ambiri amtunduwu ku Iguputo ndiponso m’madera ozungulira Nyanja Yakufa. Ena mwa mapepala a gumbwa amene anapezeka m’maderawa, omwe ali ndi nkhani za m’Baibulo, analembedwa nthawi imene Yesu anali padziko lapansi pano ndipo ena ndi akale kwambiri kuposa pamenepa. N’kutheka kuti makalata a m’Baibulo, omwe atumwi analemba, analembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapepala ngati amenewa.

[Mawu a Zithunzi patsamba 11]

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