Abanyasaayansi baingi nibagamba ki? Nibagira ngu DNA n’engyenderwaho yoona erimu ekabaho bubaho omu muringo ogutatebeekanisiibwe obukaikuru bw’emyaka. Nibagira ngu tihaine ekirikworeka ngu haine owaakozire engyenderwaho ezi nari obutumwa oburimu nari oku akatafaari aka karikukora.¹⁷

Baibuli neegamba ki? Baibuli neeyoreka ngu ebirikukwata aha bicweka bitari bimwe eby’omubiri, n’oku obutumwa burikugyenda omu mubiri, biine akakwate n’ekitabo ky’akamanyiso ekirikukomooka ahari Ruhanga. Yetegyereze oku Omugabe Daudi yaahweraire Ruhanga kugamba aha nshonga ezi. Akagamba ahari Ruhanga ati: “Amaisho gaawe gakaba gandeebera omunda, nkiri amaizi, omu kitabo kyawe hahandiikirwemu ebiro byangye byona, nk’oku byaragiirwe, hatakabaireho na kimwe.”—Zaaburi 139:16.

Obuhame nibworeka ki? Ebintu ku biraabe byabaireho bubaho, nikimanyisa ngu n’akatafaari ka DNA kakabaho ahabwa butandu. Kwonka Baibuli ku eraabe ehikire, eki nikimanyisa ngu akatafaari ka DNA kakakorwa omuntu oine okwetegyereza kw’ahaiguru.

Twashwijuma akatafaari ka DNA omu muringo gworobi, nitureeba ngu buzima nikashemeza. Hati ka tugarukye tushwijume ebiri omunda y’akatafaari. Kwonka hati, nituza kushwijuma akatafaari k’omubiri gw’omuntu. Teera akashushani orikuza aha riijukiro ry’ebyaira eritebeekanisiibwe kukwegyesa oku akatafaari karikukora. Eriijukiro eryo niryeshushaniriza akatafaari k’omubiri gw’omuntu, kwonka ko nikarikira emirundi 13,000,000. Obuhango obu nibwingana n’ekishaayi kihango, ekirikubaasa kushutamisa abantu 70,000.

Waataaha omu riijukiro eri nootangaarira ebintu bingi ebi otarikumanya ebirimu. Aha gati y’akatafaari hariho entima, eine oburaingwa oburikuhika kaanyina-makumi-abiri. Ogumizamu ogyenda ohikayo.

Oraba aha rwigi omu ntima y’oruhu rw’aheeru, nari akabubi, reero oringuriza. Omu mwanya ogu harimu otundi tutafaari tukye 46 oturikwetwa chromosomes. Tutebeekanisiibwe omu miteeko ey’oturikushushana, nitukirakirana omu buraingwa, kwonka omuteeko oguri haihi nigwingana na kaanyina-ikumi-na-ibiri oburaingwa (1). Buri kamwe kaine omwanya aha gati, nikareebeka nka sausage kwonka kaine embari mpango nk’ey’empimbi mpango. Nooreeba engingo nyingi omu buri katafaari aka. Waayongyera kuhika haihi, nooreeba ngu buri ngingo neebaganisibwamu obuhiririzi. Aha gati yaabwo harimu obunyiriri bugufu (2). Mbwenu shi ebi n’ebitabo biteekyereine? Ngaaha; n’enshonda eziteekyereine hamwe ezikwatanisiibwe. Onyururaho kamwe, bwona burugayo. Otangaara kureeba ngu bukozirwe omu tuhuuzi tukye twekuringiriire (3), kandi otutebeekanisiibwe gye. Otuhuuzi tukye otwo otwekuringiriire nitushana n’omuguha muraingwa munonga. Niki eki?

Akatafaari kakye aka ka tukeete omuguha. Ni kaingana na inci omwe. Keezingiriire munonga kahami (4), ekirikukahwera kukora emizingo mingi. Emizingo egi haine ebigikwatiriire kugibaasisa kuhama. Eki nikyoreka gye ngu omuguha ogu gukwatanisiibwe gye. Waanyururaho omuguha gumwe aha butafaari obu, kuruga aha muheru gwagwo gumwe kuza aha muheru ogundi, ni muraingwa munonga kuhika kimwe kya kabiri eky’ensi yoona! a

Ekitabo kimwe kya saayansi okushashanura kurungi oku nikikweta “omuringo gw’okutebeekanisa ogutari gwa buriijo.”¹⁸ Mbwenu shi okugira ngu tihaine owaatebeekaniise akatafaari aka nooreeba ngu kiine amakuru? Omu riijukiro haaba harimu obukaikuru bw’ebintu kandi byona bitebeekanisiibwe gye orikubaasa kutunga eki orikwenda otategaine, noobaasa kugira ngu tihaine owaatebeekaniise omwanya ogwo? Ngaaha buzima! Kwonka oku eriijukiro ririkuba ritebeekanisiibwe tukurikuhika aha ku akatafaari katebeekanisiibwe.

Ka tugire ngu omu riijukiro, harimu ekipande ekirikugira ngu okwate omuguha ogwo omu ngaro zaawe ogwetegyereze (5). Waagukwata omu ngaro zaawe nooreeba ngu ti muguha gwa butoosha. Nooreeba ngu gwine otuhuuzi tubiri turukiraine hamwe. Otuhuuzi hariho otuntu otutukwataniise hamwe. Omuguha nigureebeka nk’amadaara agakwatanisiibwe hamwe gakaba nk’amatembezo (6). Reero oyetegyereza ngu: Okwaitse akatafaari ka DNA kamwe aha birikutangaaza omu magara!

Akatafaari kamwe ka DNA, kaaba kakwatanisiibwe hamwe nikakora chromosome. Hariho n’amatembero nk’ag’amadaara (7). Nigakora ki? Ebi byona nibimanyisa ki? Ekipande nikiha enshoboorora eyorobi.

Omuntu kubaasa kwetegyereza DNA, aine kwetegyereza amatembero ago agakwatsire aha mbaju zombi ez’amadaara. Teekateeka aha madaara abiri. Buri idaara riine amatembero. Gaine ebika bina byonka. Abanyasaayansi nibageeta A, T, G, na C. Bakashemererwa kujumbura ngu enkuratana y’enyuguta ezo neemanyisa obutumwa omu muringo ogwesherekire.

Noobaasa kuba noomanya ngu omuringo gw’okuhurizana nk’ogu gukajumburwa omu kyasha kya 19, kugira ngu abantu babaase kuhurizana barikukoresa telegraph. Omuringo ogu gwine enyuguta ibiri zonka akatonyezo na dashi. Kwonka, omuringo ogu nigubaasa kukoresibwa kuhandiika ebigambo bingi munonga. Kwonka yo DNA eine koodi ey’enyuguta ina. Oku enyuguta ezi A, T, G, na C zikurataine nikyoreka ebigambo ebirikwetwa codons. Ebigambo ebi bitebeekanisiibwe omu “bitebyo” ebirikwetwa oburande. Buri karande, kaine haihi enyuguta ezirikuhika 27,000. Oburande obu n’emyanya eri aha gati yaabwo nibyegaita kukora eshuura nari obutafaari oburikwetwa chromosomes. Nikyetengyesa chromosomes 23 kukora “ekitabo” kyona, ekirikumanyisa obutumwa bw’akarande oburikukwata aha kintu ekihuriire. b

Obutumwa bw’akarande bukaakozire ekitabo kihango. Mbwenu shi ekitabo ekyo kikaabaire nikingana ki obuhango? Obutumwa bw’akarande k’omuntu nibukorwa obuhumbi nka bushatu obw’amatembero aha idaara rya DNA.¹⁹ Teekateeka ebitabo bihango ebyakubaire nibyetengyesa kwijujamu obutumwa obu. Obutumwa bw’akatafaari kamwe bukaabaire nibwijura omu bitabo bihango 428. Waagaitaho obutumwa obw’akatafaari akandi nibwijura omu bitabo 856. Ka tugire ngu oine kuhandiika obutumwa obu, nikibaasa kutwara emyaka 80 orikukora eshaaha munaana ebiro bitano omu saabiiti otarikuhuumura!

Kandi waaheza kumara emyaka egi yoona orikuhandiika, byona ebi waahandiika nibiba bitaine mugasho aha mubiri gwawe. Mbwenu shi ebitabo bihango ebi noobaasa kubipakira ota omu butafaari bukye obutabarwa 100? Okupakira obutumwa nk’obwo bwona omu kantu kakye katarikureebwa n’amaisho kiturengire eiyetegyereza.

Omuhangu omu by’obutafaari bw’omubiri na kompyuta akagira ati: “Guramu emwe eya DNA neebaasa kubiika ebintu ebirikuza aha CD ezirikuhika akatabarwa kamwe.”²⁰ Eki nikimanyisa ki? Ijuka ngu, DNA eine akarande, nari shi obutumwa bw’omutaano obw’okwombeka omubiri gw’omuntu. Buri katafaari k’omubiri kaine engyenderwaho ehikire. DNA eine obutumwa bwingi kugira ngu akagiiko kamwe kakye kaayo, nikabaasa kubiika ebirikwetengyesa kwombeka emibiri y’abantu boona abariho omu nsi obunaku obu, waabazamu emirundi 350! DNA erikwetengyesa kukora obuhumbi bw’abantu abari omu nsi hati neeba eri nkye munonga waagipima aha kagiiko ka kyayi.²¹

N’obu abantu baraabe batunguukire munonga omu by’obwengye, tihariho ekintu ekikozirwe abantu ekirikubaasa kubiika obutumwa burikwingana butyo. Kwonka, nikiba kihikire kugyeragyeranisa DNA na CD. Teekateeka ahari eki: CD neebaasa kutushemeza oku ekozirwe. Nitukireeba butunu ngu abantu abanyabwengye nibo baagikozire. Kwonka shi ku yaakuba eriho obutumwa obushobooroire gye obw’okukora ekyoma ky’amaani, okukireeberera n’okukihuunduza? Obutumwa obwo tiburikuhindura obuhango bwa CD nari oburemeezi bwayo. Kwonka, obutumwa oburikuba buriho, nibwo bukuru aha CD egyo. Mbwenu shi obutumwa oburikuba buri aha CD tiburikukuhamiza ngu hariho omuntu w’obwengye owaabutaireho? Mbwenu shi okuhandiika tikurikwetengyesa omuhandiiki?

Ti ky’obushema kugyeragyeranisa DNA na CD nari ekitabo. Nangwa, ekitabo kimwe ekirikukwata aha karande nikigira kiti: “Eky’okugyeragyeranisa akarande aha kitabo, ti kugamba mu nfumu. Kureka n’amazima. Ekitabo nikiba kirimu obutumwa, nikyo kimwe n’akarande.” Omuhandiiki ogwo naayongyeraho ati: “Akarande n’ekitabo kirimu obwengye, ahakuba omu mbeera nungi nikibaasa kukopoorora obutumwa kandi kigarukye kibushome.”²² Eki nikireeta endiijo nshonga nkuru erikukwata ahari DNA.

Ka tugire ngu ori aho ohunami, orikwebuuza yaaba entima y’akatafaari neeba eri omu mwanya gumwe nk’eriijukizo. Reero oreeba ekihandiiko ekindi. Omu kirahuri ekirimu DNA harimu ekihandiiko ekirikugira ngu: “Imata Ipeesha Ohurikize.” Oyimata ipeesha, reero omugambirizi agira ati: “DNA eine emirimo ebiri mikuru. Ogw’okubanza n’okukopoorora. DNA eine kukopoororwa kugira ngu buri katafaari kasya kabe kaine obutumwa bw’akarande obwako. Nyabura ’we reeba ekirikubaho.”

Otandika kureebera omu rwigi ekintu ekiri nk’ekyoma. Kiri nka rooboti. Ekyoma ekyo kiza ahari DNA, kigikwatiraho kitandika kugyenda nayo nk’ebyana by’egaari y’omwika. Nikiiruka munonga kikugumira kureeba eki kirikukora, kwonka enyima yaakyo nooreeba hariyo emiguha ebiri ya DNA omu mwanya gumwe.

Omugambirizi akugira ati: “Eki n’eky’okureeberaho kyorobi aha kirikubaho DNA yaaba neekopoorora obutumwa. Orwizi orurikwetwa encwanyaguzi nirugyenda hamwe na DNA, rurikubanza kugicwamu kabiri, reero DNA neekoresa buri kahuuzi kukora omuguha gwayo. Titurikubaasa kubooreka buri kimwe ekirikutwarirwamu nk’obwoma bukye oburikuhwera ekyoma kukopoorora n’oburikushara DNA kugibaganisamu etatungiremu buremeezi bwona. Kandi titurikubaasa kukworeka n’oku DNA erikushoma omu bi erikukopoorora emirundi mingi. DNA neereeba enshobe kandi ezishoboorora aha rurengo rw’ahaiguru munonga.”—Reeba ekishushani ekiri  aha rupapura 16 na 17.

Omugambirizi agumizamu ati: “Eki turikubaasa kukworeka gye n’obwira. Waareeba oku rooboti egi erikugyendera aha bwira bw’amaani, tikwo? Kandi encwanyaguzi nizigyendera hamwe na DNA zirikwiruka kutemba amatembero nka 100 buri katikitiki.²³ Ku ogire ngu DNA neingana n’egaari y’omwika, ekaabaire neirukira aha bwira bwa mahiro 50 omu shaaha emwe. Omu bukooko oburikurwaza, okwebaganisamu nikuba nikugyendera aha bwira bw’amaani emirundi ikumi kukira aha bwira obwo! Omu katafaari k’omubiri gw’omuntu, ebirikuhwera kwebaganisamu nibikorera hamwe na DNA. Neekopoorora obutumwa bw’akarande bwona omu shaaha munaana.”²⁴ (Reeba akabokusi “ Akatafaari Akarikubaasa Kushomwa Kandi Kakakopoororwa,” aha rupapura 20.)

Rooboti erikworeka oku DNA erikwebaganisamu hati yaarugaho. Haija ekindi ekyoma. Nikigyenda hamwe na DNA, kwonka kirikugyenda mpora. Oreeba omuguha gwa DNA gurikutaaha omu rubaju rumwe rw’ekyoma eki gurikuruga omu kindi gutahindukire. Kwonka akahuuzi akandi kasya karuga omu kihengyere kimwe eky’ekyoma ekyo kari nk’omukira. Niki ekiriyo nikibaho?

Omugambirizi agaruka ashoboorora: “Omurimo gwa DNA ogundi n’okushoma n’okuhandiika. DNA terikuruga omu mwanya gwayo gw’oburinzi omu ntima y’akatafaari. Mbwenu shi nikabaasa kushohoza obutumwa oburikwetengyesa kukora puroteini? Ekyoma eki eky’encwanyaguzi kiri omu mwanya gumwe na DNA kirikugyendera aha buhabuzi kuruga aheeru y’entima y’akatafaari. Kandi ekyoma eki nikikora akarande akandi kubaasa kukora RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA neeshusha n’akahuuzi kamwe aka DNA, kwonka nibutaana. Omugasho gwayo n’okurundaana obutumwa oburi omu karande. RNA neetunga obutumwa yaaba ekiri omu kyoma ky’encwanyaguzi, reero neeraba omu ntima y’akatafaari eza omuri emwe ahari ribosomes, ahu obutumwa obwo burikukoresibwa kukora puroteini.”

Waaba nooreeba eky’okureeberaho eki, nootangaara munonga. Waaba nooreeba eriijukiro eri oshemererwa munonga ahabw’okureeba obwengye obwakoresiibwe kukora ebyoma byaryo. Kwonka shi omwanya ogu ku gwakuba nigujwekyera ebirikubaho omunda y’akatafaari k’omubiri gw’omuntu omu bwire nibwo bumwe? Eki ka nikiba nikitangaaza munonga!

Kwonka oijuka ngu ebi byona nibyo biriyo nibibaho omu tuntu tukye munonga oturi omu butabarwa 100 bw’obutafaari bw’omubiri gwawe! DNA neeshomwa eha ngyenderwaho y’okukora enkumi n’enkumi za puroteini eziri omu mubiri gwawe, encwanyaguzi, eminofa, n’ebindi bingi. Hati DNA eriyo neekopoororwa neeshomwa kwihamu enshobe, kugira ngu engyenderwaho endiijo ebaase kushomwa omu katafaari akandi akasya.

Ka tugarukye twebuuze, ‘engyenderwaho ezi zoona niziruga nkahi?’ Baibuli neegira ngu “ekitabo” eki n’ebihandiikiremu nibikomooka aha muhandiiki orikukirira kimwe abantu. Kwonka shi enshoboorora egi ehikire nari terikuhikaana na saayansi?

Teekateeka ahari eki: Abantu nibabaasa kwombeka eriijukizo nk’eri eryagambwaho? Baateeraho kuryombeka nibabaasa kugumirwa. Oku akatafaari k’omubiri karikukora na hati tikurikwetegyerezibwa gye. Abanyasaayansi nibakiteeraho kumanya ahu oburande bwona buri n’oku burikukora. Kandi oburande n’akacweka kakye ak’akahuuzi ka DNA. Kandi shi obuhuuzi bwona obutarimu burande? Abanyasaayansi nibabweta DNA enagirwe, kwonka ebiro ebi bahindwire emiteekateekyere yaabo. Obucweka obu nibuhabura oku oburande bwine kukora n’oku bwine kukoresibwa. N’obu abanyasaayansi baakukora DNA eyaabo erikubaasa kukopoorora obutumwa n’okubushoma, mbwenu shi nibabaasa kukora erikushushanira kimwe na DNA eyaabuzima?

Omunyasaayansi orikumanya gye Richard Feynman akatsiga ebigambo ebi aha rubaaho atakafiire: “Eki ntarikubaasa kukora, tindikubaasa kukyetegyereza.”²⁵ Obucureezi bwe obw’amazima nibuhuumuriza, kandi ebigambo bye bihikire aha bikwatiraine na DNA. Abanyasaayansi tibarikubaasa kukora DNA n’enkora yaayo yoona, kandi tibarikubaasa n’okugyetegyereza gye. Kwonka, abamwe nibagira ngu nibamanya ngu byona bikabaho bubaho ahabwa butandu. Obuhame obu waaruga kushwijuma buzima nibuhamya enshonga egi?

Abashaija abeegire bacwiremu ngu obuhame nibworeka ekindi. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, Francis Crick, owaahweraire omu kujumbura oku DNA ekozirwe, akagira ngu akatafaari aka katebeekanisiibwe gye tikarikubaasa kuba kaabaireho kitaraariire. Akagira ngu omunyabwengye otarikutuura omu nsi yaitu ashemeire kuba niwe yaayohereize DNA omu nsi kuhwera omu kutandikaho amagara.²⁶

Omu myaka ya juba, omunyabigunjano Antony Flew, owaabaire atwire naagira ngu Ruhanga tariho kumara emyaka 50 akahindura omu miteekateekyere ye. Aha myaka 81, akatandika kwikiriza ngu omunyabwengye ashemeire kuba yaayejumbire omu murimo gw’okuhanga amagara. Ahabw’enki yaahandwire enyetegyereza ye? N’okwega ebirikukwata ahari DNA. Flew ku baamubuurize yaaba emiteekateekyere etarikwija kwikirizibwa abanyasaayansi, akagarukamu ati: “Ekyo ni kibi munonga. Ntwire niingyendera aha misingye amagara gangye goona . . . ndikukuratira obuhame, yoona ei burikuntwara.”²⁷

Iwe nooteekateeka ki? Obuhame nibworeka ki? Ka tugire ngu waashanga ekishengye kya kompyuta aha gati y’eikorero. Kompyuta eriho entebeekanisa zoona erikukwata aha ku eikorero eryo ririkukora. Kandi, entebeekanisa ya kompyuta egi neeguma neeyohereza obuhabuzi oburikukwata aha kukora buri kyoma omu eikorero eri n’oku ebyoma ebyo biine kukanikwa, kandi neeguma neeyekopoorora yonka, kandi erikubushoma kwihamu enshobe. Mbwenu shi eki nikikureetera kuhendera ota? Ngu kompyuta egi n’entebeekanisa yaayo bikeekora nari ngu haine omuntu w’obuteeka kandi ow’obwengye owaabikozire? Buzima, enshonga egi neeyeshoboorora.