EKIBUUZO 4
Ebiine Amagara shi Bikakomooka aha Kintu Kimwe?
Darwin akaba naateekateeka ngu ebiine amagara byona nibibaasa kuba byakomookire aha kintu kimwe. Akaba naateebereza ngu ekyakomookireho amagara kikaba nikishushana n’omuti muhango. Bwanyima, abandi bakagira ngu “omuti gw’amagara” ogu gukatandika gwine empimbi emwe y’obutafaari bworobi. Kandi ngu ebiine amagara ebindi bikaruga omu mpimbi egyo byagumizamu birikwebaganisa amataagi, nari ebika by’ebimera n’enyamaishwa, byarugamu ebika by’enyamaishwa n’ebimera byona ebiriho hati. Buzima eki nikyo kyabaireho?
Abanyasaayansi baingi nibateekateeka ki? Baingi baine emiteekateekyere ngu ebizoirwe omu itaka nibihamya ngu amagara gakakomooka aha kintu kimwe. Kandi nibagira ngu ahabw’okugira ebiine amagara byona biine DNA, bikakomooka aha kintu kimwe.
Baibuli neegamba ki? Ekitabo ky’Okutandika nikigira ngu ebimera, eby’omu maizi, n’enyamaishwa z’aha itaka, n’ebinyonyi bikahangwa “omu miringo yaabyo.” (Okutandika 1:12, 20-25) Enshoboorora egi neeyoreka ngu nihabaasa kubaho entaaniso omu ‘muringo’ gw’ekintu, kwonka kandi neeyoreka ngu emiringo y’ebintu neetaanira kimwe. Ebi Baibuli erikugamba aha kuhanga nibyoreka ngu ebika bisya by’ebyahangirwe bikaba nibiija kubaho ahonaaho kandi bihikire gye.
Obuhame nibworeka ki? Obuhame shi nibushagika enshoboorora ya Baibuli ey’ebintu, nari Darwin ahikire? Ebijubwirwe omu myaka 150 enyima nibyoreka ki?
ENYETEGYEREZA YA DARWIN EKASHANGWA EGWIRE
Omu myaka egi, abanyasaayansi baabaasize kugyeragyeranisa obutafaari bw’akarande obw’obukooko bumwe n’ebimera hamwe n’enyamaishwa. Nibateekateeka ngu okugyeragyeranisa oku nikuhikaana n’emiteekateekyere ya Darwin. Kwonka, eki tikihikire.
Okucondooza nikworeka ki? Omuri 1999 omunyasaayansi Malcolm S. Gordon akahandiika ati: “Ebiine amagara bishemereire kuba byakomookire haingi. Nikireebeka ebintu byona ebiine amagara tibiine obukomooko bumwe.” Mbwenu shi hariho obuhame ngu ebiine amagara nibikomooka aha mpimbi emwe nk’oku Darwin yaabaire naateekateeka? Gordon naagumizamu ati: “Enyegyesa erikugira ngu ebintu bikakomooka aha kintu kimwe terikuhikaana n’obuzaare bw’ebintu ebiriho hati. Terikuhikaana n’ebintu bingi, beitu byaba bitari byona, enganda nari emiringo eri omu nganda.”29
Okucondooza okw’obunaku obu nikugumizamu kuhakanisa enyegyesa ya Darwin. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, omu 2009 omu magaziini New Scientist hakaiziramu ebigambo by’omunyasaayansi Eric Bapteste arikugira ati: “Titwine buhame bwona ngu amagara gakakomooka aha muti.”30 Omu magaziini niyo emwe omunyasaayansi Michael Rose akagira ati: “Omuti gw’amagara guriyo niguziikwa mporampora, twena nitukimanya. Ekitarikwikirizibwa munonga n’okugira ngu emiteekateekyere y’aba biology yoona eine kuhindurwa.”31 a
KANDI SHI EBIRIKUZOORWA?
Abanyasaayansi baingi nibagira ngu ebirikuzoorwa omu itaka nibyoreka ngu amagara gakakomooka aha kintu kimwe. Nk’eky’okureeberaho nibagira ngu ebyazoirwe omu itaka nibyoreka ngu eky’enyanja kikahindukamu ebikyere, reero ebikyere byaba ebirikugyendesa enda, bwanyima byo byarugamu enyamaishwa empango. Kwonka shi ebyazoirwe omu itaka nibyoreka buhame ki?
David M. Raup akagira ngu “omu mwanya gw’okusherura oku ebiine amagara byagumire nibihinduka mporampora, ebi Darwin yaagambire n’abanyasaayansi abandi barikugamba hati nibyoreka gye ngu, ebintu tibirikuhinduka omu kubaho kwabyo reero bwanyima bikahwaho.”32
Buzima, ebirikuzoorwa omu itaka nibyoreka ngu ebika by’ebiine amagara tibirikuhinduka bwanyima y’obwire bwingi. Obuhame tiburikworeka ngu bikahinduka kuruga omu bindi. Omubiri gw’omutaano nigubaho ahonaaho. Endeebeka nsya neebaho ahonaaho. Nk’eky’okureebera, tihariho ekirikworeka ngu akahundu kakaruga omu kintu ekitaine bwengye.
Nangwa enyamaishwa ezirengire kimwe kya kabiri zikabaho omu bwire bukye. Ahabw’okugira ngu ebiine amagara bisya nibibaho ahonaaho kurugiirira aha bizoirwe omu itaka, abanyasaayansi nibagamba aha bwire obu nk’okubaruka kw’ebintu. Obwire obu bukabaho ryari?
Ka tugire ngu okuteebereza kw’abanyasaayansi kuhikire. Kikaabaire nikimanyisa ngu ebyafaayo by’ensi bikabaho omu bwire oburikwingana n’ekishaayi ky’omupiira (1). Ekirikumanyisa ngu oine kugyenda ebicweka munaana by’ekishaayi ekyo emirundi mushanju otakahikire aha ki abanyasaayansi barikweta okubaruka (2). Omu kaire kakye ako, okuhinduka kuhango kw’enyamaishwa nibwo kurikureebeka omu bihandiiko by’ebizoirwe omu itaka. Bikabaho bita ahonaaho? Waaba noogyenda omu kishaayi ky’omupiira, ebintu ebi byona nibibaho omu mwanya ogutahikire n’ekita kimwe!
Okubaho kw’ebiine amagara ebi byona ahonaaho, kireeteire abacondooza abamwe kuhakanisa enyegyesa ya Darwin. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, obu omunyasaayansi Stuart Newman yaabaire naabuuzibwa omu 2008, akagira ngu nikyetengyesa enshoboorora nsya ey’enyegyesa erikugira ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi kworeka oku ebiine amagara ebisya birikubaho ahonaaho. Akagira ati: “Enyegyesa ya Darwin erikushoboorora empinduka eyaabaireho, neija kunagwa. Niimanya ngu n’emwe aha nshoboorora nyingi kwonka etari nkuru kyahika aha kwetegyereza oku ebintu byagumire nibihinduka omu bika by’emibiri yaabyo.”33
OKUGUMIRWA KUTUNGA “OBUHAME”
Ahabw’enki ebitabo ebimwe nibihindura ekingano ky’ebizoirwe omu itaka nk’oku kirikworekwa aha?
Nk’oku kirikworekwa omu bitabo ebimwe
Ekingano ekiringaniire
Kandi shi ebyazoirwe omu itaka ebyabaire nibyoreka eby’enyanja birikuhinduka bikaba ebikyere, bikarugamu ebirikweharura ahansi reero bikarugamu enyamaishwa mpango? Ebi shi nibyoreka obuhame bwenyini oku ebintu byahindukire? Waayetegyereza enshonga egi, erimu oburemeezi bwingi.
Eky’okubanza, ebiine amagara ebi barikworeka ngu bikahindukamu ebindi, nibakira kubikuratanisa kubi omu bitabo. Omu mwanya gw’okwingana obuhango, ebimwe ni bihango munonga, kandi ebindi ni bikye munonga.
Ekya kabiri, oburemeezi bw’amaani n’okubura obuhame oburikworeka ngu ebiine amagara ebi, biine obuzaare. Ebintu ebi barikukuratanisa omu kuhinduka, abacondooza nibagira ngu hakahinguraho obukaikuru bw’emyaka empinduka ezi kubaasa kubaho. Aha bikwatiraine n’obwire obwahingwireho empinduka ezi kubaasa kubaho, omunyasaayansi Henry Gee naagira ati: “Obwire obwahingwireho ebintu ebi kubaasa kuhinduka ni bwingi munonga kugira ngu titurikubaasa kugamba turikuhamya yaaba biine obukomooko bumwe.”34 b
Omunyasaayansi Malcolm S. Gordon arikugamba aha by’enyanja kuhindukamu ebikyere naagira ngu ebizoirwe nibyoreka kakye “ngu empinduka nk’ezi zikabaho omu biine amagara ebyo.” Naagumizamu agira ngu: “Tihariho omuringo gw’okumanya ngu ebiine amagara ebyo biine akakwate n’ebiriho hati nari ngu bikaba baine akakwate ira.”35 c
OBUHAME NIBWOREKA KI BUZIMA?
Ekicweka ekyaiziire omu National Geographic omu 2004 kikagyeragyeranisa ebizoirwe na “vidiyo erikworeka ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi kwonka ei ebishushani 999 ahari buri 1,000 byabuzire.”36 Teekateeka aha makuru g’eky’okureeberaho ekyo.
Ebicweka 95 eby’ebizoirwe omu itaka ku biraabe nibyoreka ngu enyamaishwa tizirikuhindukamu ezindi, ahabw’enki abanyasaayansi nibateekateeka ngu ebicweka 5 ebyatsigara nibihamya enshonga egi?
Ka tugire ngu waatunga ebishushani 100 byonka aha bishushani 100,000 ebyabaire biri omu vidiyo ey’okubanza. Mbwenu shi noobaasa kwetegyereza amakuru ga vidiyo? Noobaasa kuteebereza buteebereza, kwonka shi 5 ahari 100 ku byakuba nibyo byonka ebirikushagika enshonga, reero ebindi 95 birikugamba ekindi? Nikiba kiri eky’obwengye kuteekateeka ngu okuteebereza kwawe okwa vidiyo oku yaabaire neeshusha kuhikire, ahabw’ebishushani bitano byonka? Nari n’ahabw’okuba ebishushani bitaano obiteererize kuhikaana n’enyikiriza yaawe? Mbwenu shi nikiba kitari eky’obwengye kwikiriza ebishushani 95 ebindi kuhindura emiteekateekyere yaawe?
Eky’okureeberaho ekyo nikihikaana kita n’oku abarikwiririza omu kuhinduka kw’ebintu barikureeba ebizoirwe omu itaka? Kumara emyaka, abacondooza bakaba batarikumanya ngu bingi ebizoirwe omu itaka nibyoreka ngu ebiine amagara nibihindukaho kakye bwanyima y’obwire bwingi. Ahabw’enki nibahunamira obuhame obu? Omuhandiiki Richard Morris naagira ati: “Abanyasaayansi nibaikiririza omu kuhinduka kw’ebintu kandi nibahamira aha nyikiriza yaabo, n’obu baraabe batungire obuhame oburikutaana n’ekyo. Batwire nibateeraho kushoboorora ebizoirwe omu itaka nk’obuhame oburikworeka ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi.”
“Okugira ngu ebizoirwe omu itaka nibyoreka ngu oku ebintu byagumire nibihinduka, ti kintu eki abanyasaayansi barikubaasa kuhamiza kimwe, kureka n’enyikiriza ei barikugamba kushemeza abantu, obundi erikwegyesa, kwonka etaine buhame bwa saayansi.”—Ekitabo In Search of Deep Time—Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life, ekya Henry Gee, rup. 116-117
Kandi shi abarikwikiririza omu kuhinduka kw’ebintu hati? Tibarikubaasa kuba nibeebembeza ebizoirwe omu itaka ahabw’emiteekateekyere ei baine, omu mwanya gw’okugira obuhame?37 d
Niki eki orikuteekateeka? Ni nyegyesa ki eine obuhame? Yetegyereze obuhame obu twaheza kureeba.
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Ekiine amagara ekyabandize omu nsi kikaba kitoorobi eishoboorora.
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Tikirikubaasa kuba kihikire na kakye ngu ebiri omu katafaari k’amagara bikabaho ahabwa butandu.
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Entebeekanisa ya DNA, nari obutumwa oburimu oburikureetera akatafaari kukora, egumire eiyetegyereza, kandi neeha obuhame ngu tihariho kintu ekikozirwe abantu ekirikubaasa kubiika obutumwa butyo nka DNA.
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Okucondooza aha karande nikworeka gye ngu amagara tigarakomookire aha kintu kimwe. Kandi, ebika by’enyamaishwa nibibaho ahonaaho omu kucondooza aha bizoirwe omu itaka.
Kurugiirira aha mazima aga shi, n’eky’obwengye kuteekateeka ngu obuhame nibwikirizana n’enshoboorora ya Baibuli aha bukomooko bw’amagara? Kwonka abantu baingi, nibagira ngu saayansi neehakanisa n’eki Baibuli erikugamba aha kuhanga. Ekyo shi kihikire? Baibuli buzima neegamba ki?
a Kiine kwetegyerezibwa ngu ekicweka ekyabaire kiri magaziini New Scientist nari Bapteste nari Rose tibarikugira ngu ebintu kuruga omu bindi kigwire. Kureka nibooreka ngu enyegyesa ya Darwin erikugira ngu hariho omuti gw’amagara teine buhame. Abanyasaayansi aba nibashoboorora omu muringo ogundi ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi.
b Henry Gee tarikuteeraho kugira ngu ebintu kuruga omu bindi kigwire. Naayoreka ngu okwegyera aha bizoirwe omu itaka kiine obugarukiro.
c Malcolm S. Gordon naashagika enyegyesa ngu ebintu bikaruga omu bindi.
d Reeba, eky’okureeberaho omu kabokusi “Kandi shi Okuhinduka kw’Abantu?”
e Yetegyereze: Tihariho mucondooza n’omwe aha baagambwaho omu kabokusi aka orikwikiririza omu ki Baibuli erikwegyesa. Boona nibaikiriza ngu ebintu bikahinduka kuruga omu bindi.
f The term “hominid” is used to describe what evolutionary researchers feel make up the human family and prehistoric humanlike species.
