EKIBUUZO 2
Hariho Omuringo gw’Amagara Buzima Ogworobi?
Obutafaari bw’omutaano shi oburikurenga 200 oburikukora omubiri gwawe buzima bukabaho ahabwa butandu?
Omubiri gwawe ni kimwe aha bintu ebikozirwe omu muringo gugumire omu nsi. Gukozirwe omu butafaari bukye obutabarwa 100 oburikutwariramu obutafaari bw’amagufa, obutafaari bw’eshagama, obutafaari bw’obwongo, n’obundi bwingi. 7Nangwa, hariho n’emiringo endiijo ey’obutafaari erikurenga 200 omu mubiri gwawe.8
Oyihireho okugira ngu obutafaari bwine enshusha etarikushushana n’emirimo etarikushushana, nibwegaita hamwe kukora omurimo gw’ogugumire okwetegyereza. Obutafaari bw’omubiri nibukora jubajuba kukirira kimwe Intaneeti ey’obwira bwingi, tihaine ei birikubaasa kushangashana. Tihaine ekintu ekikozirwe abantu ekirikubaasa kwehanga aha tutafaari tw’omubiri oturikukirayo obukye. Obutafaari oburikukora omubiri bukabaho buta?
Abanyasaayansi baingi nibagamba ki? Obutafaari bw’amagara bwona buri omu miringo ebiri, obwo obwine entima n’obwo obutaine ntima. Obutafaari bw’emibiri y’abantu, enyamaishwa, n’ebimera byona bwine entima. Obutafaari bw’obukooko oburikurwaza tibwine ntima. Obutafaari obwine entima nibwetwa eukaryotic. Obwo obutaine ntima nibwetwa prokaryotic. Obu obutafaari obwa prokaryotic butagumire munonga nk’obwa eukaryotic, baingi nibaikiriza ngu obutafaari obw’enyamaishwa n’ebimera bukaruga omu butafaari bw’obukooko obukye oburikureeta endwara.
Nangwa, na baingi nibeegyesa ngu kumara obukaikuru bw’emyaka, obutafaari obwa prokaryotic “obworobi” bukamira obutafaari obundi kwonka tibwabucwanyagura. Kureka, nibagumizamu nibeegyesa ngu ebintu ebyabaireho ahabwabyo ebitaine bwengye bikeekoramu omurimo byakora empinduka z’amaani, kandi n’obutafaari bwabyo bwaguma nibwebaganisamu.9 a
Baibuli neeyegyesa ki? Baibuli neegira ngu ebiine amagara ebiri omu nsi bikakomooka aha muntu oine obwengye bw’ahaiguru. Yetegyereze ebigambo bya Baibuli ebirikwetegyerezibwa ebi: “Ahakuba enju yoona eyombekwa omuntu nanka, kwonka Omwombeki w’ebintu byona ni Ruhanga.” (Abaheburaayo 3:4) Ekyahandiikirwe ekindi nikigira ngu Yehova “emirimo yaawe ka n’ey’emiringo mingi! Ebyo byona okabikoresa obwengye. N’ensi eijwire ebihangirwe byawe erimu ebintu ebitarikubarwa, ebiine amagara ebikye n’ebihango.”—Zaaburi 104:24, 25.
Akatafaari “koorobi” shi buzima nikabaasa kuruga omu bintu ebitaine magara?
Obuhame nibworeka ki? Okutunguuka omu bya saayansi nikibaasisa abantu kwetegyereza ebiri omunda y’akatafaari kakye aka prokaryotic kagumire kwetegyereza. Abanyasaayansi abarikwikiriza ngu ebintu bikabaho bubaho nibeegyesa ngu obutafaari bw’amagara obw’okubanza bwine kuba bwabaire nibushushana nk’obu.10
Enyegyesa erikugira ngu ebintu bikabaho bubaho ku eraabe ehikire, eshemereire kuba neeyoreka gye oku akatafaari k’okubanza kaabaireho bubaho. Kwonka, ebiine amagara ku biraabe byahangirwe nabwo hashemereire kuba hariho obuhame oburikworeka omunyabwengye owaabitebeekaniise gye nangwa n’otuntu otukye. Ahabw’enki tutarikushwijuma akatafaari akarikwetwa prokaryotic? Waaba nookashwijuma, yebuuze yaaba kaabaireho bubaho.
EKISIIKA EKIRIKURINDA AKATAFAARI
Okushwijuma akatafaari akarikwetwa prokaryotic, oine kumanya ngu ni kakye munonga emirundi ebikumi n’ebikumi kukira akatonyozo akari aha muheru gwa sentensi egi. Aheeru y’akatafaari kakye katyo, hariyo akahu akarikukora nk’ekisiika ky’amatafaari n’enkogoto ekirikuba kyetooroire eikorero. Nikibaasa kwetengyesa emiteekyerano nka 10,000 kubaasa kugira omugunu nk’ogw’empapura ziteekyeraine. Kwonka akahu k’akatafaari kagumire kwetegyereza kukira ekisiika ky’amatafaari. Mu miringo ki?
Nk’ekisiika ekyotooroire eikorero, akahu akarikurinda akatafaari nikakarinda kutasiisikara omu mbeera zigumire. Kwonka, akahu aka tikarikureebwa n’amaisho, ekirikubaasisa akatafaari kutunga obwikizo, reero emyoya, nk’ogu turikwitsya, kuzamu n’okushohora. Akahu aka nikaremesa emyoya emibi arikushiisha kutaahamu akatafaari katagiikiriize. Kandi akahu aka nikaremesa n’emyoya emirungi kutaruga omu katafaari. Akahu aka nikabaasa kuhikiiriza kata emirimo egi yoona?
Garuka oteekateekye aha ikorero. Niribaasa kuba riine abarinzi abarikuguma nibataahamu kurabira aha bisiika byaryo kuririnda. Nikyo kimwe, akabubi k’akatafaari kaine obutafaari tw’omutaano otwa puroteini oturikukora nk’enyigi n’abarinzi.
Akabubi k’akatafaari kaine “abarinzi” abarikwikiriza ebintu ebimwe kutaahamu n’okushohora
Puroteini ezimwe (1) ziine ekihengyere aha gati yaazo ekirikubaasisa otutafaari tw’omuringo ogumwe kutaaha omu katafaari n’okushohora. Puroteini ezindi niziigurwa aha rubaju orundi orw’akabubi k’akatafaari (2) kandi zikinga aha rubaju orundi. Ziine ahu zirikwerundanira (3) kukora enshusha y’ekintu nanka. Ku zirikuheza kwerundaana, orubaju orundi orwa puroteini nirwigura rushohoza ebirimu kurabira omu kabubi (4). Ebi byona nibikorerwa aheeru ya buri katafaari nangwa n’akarikukirayo obukye.
OMUNDA Y’AKATAFAARI
Teera akashushani ngu hati waikirizibwa kuraba aha barinzi waataaha omunda y’akatafaari. Omunda y’akatafaari akarikwetwa prokaryotic haijwiremu orwizi orurimu ebiriisa, emyonyo, n’ebindi. Akatafaari nikakoresa ebintu ebi kukora ebi karikwenda. Kwonka omuringo ogu karikukoramu gutebeekanisiibwe gye. Nk’eikorero eririkukora gye, akatafaari nikajwanzya gye ebiriisa kugira ngu bikorwe gye bitebeekanisiibwe, kandi kurugiirira aha bwire obuhikire.
Akatafaari nikamara obwire bwingi karikukora puroteini. Mu muringo ki? Okubanza, akatafaari nikakora otundi tutafaari nka 20 tw’omutaano oturikwetwa amino asidi. Otutafaari otu nitushohoza ribosomes (5), erikubaasa kugyeragyeranisibwa n’ekyoma ekitebeekanisiibwe gye kushohoza puroteini ey’omuringo gumwe. Nk’oku eikorero ririkubaasa kuba nirigyendera aha puroguraamu ya kompyuta, bingi ebirikukorerwa omunda y’akatafaari nibigyendera aha ntebeekanisa erikwetwa DNA (6). Ribosome neetunga engyenderwaho kuruga omu DNA, erikugigambira puroteini ei eraakore n’oku eraagikore (7).
Ekirikukurataho puroteini yaaba neekorwa, buzima nikitangaaza! Buri emwe neeyekora omu nshusha y’embaju ishatu (8). Puroteini neekora eki eshemereire kukora kurugiirira aha nshusha egi. b Teera akashushani k’eikorero ahu ingini erikukorerwa. Buri kicweka kiine kutebeekanisibwa gye ingini egyo kubaasa kukora gye. Nikyo kimwe, puroteini yaaba etakozirwe gye, kandi ekakorwa omu nshusha ehikire, terikubaasa kukora gye omurimo gwayo, kandi neebaasa n’okushiisha akatafaari.
“Eikorero” Ry’akatafaari—Oku Puroteini Zirikukorwa:Kushushana n’eikorero, akatafaari nikakora kandi kohereza ebintu ebigumire munonga
Puroteini neegyenda eta kuruga ahu erikukorerwa kuhika ahu erikwetengyesa? Buri puroteini ei akatafaari karikukora, neeba eine endagiriro egirimu erikuhamya ngu puroteini yaahika ahu erikwetengwa. N’obu puroteini nyingi ziraabe nizikorwa kandi zikoohorezibwa buri dakiika, buri emwe neehika omu mwanya oguhikire.
Ahabw’enki amazima aga nigetengyesa? Otutafaari tukye oturikuba turi omu kantu kakye akaine amagara titurikubaasa kwebaganisamu twonka. Aheeru y’akatafaari, nitucwanyagurika. Kandi omunda y’akatafaari, titurikubaasa kwebaganisamu twonka tutaine tundi tutafaari. Nk’eky’okureeberaho, encwanyaguzi nizeetengyesa kukora akatafaari kakye arikwetwa adenosine triphosphate (ATP), kwonka kandi amaani kuruga omu ATP nigeetengyesa kubaasa kukora encwanyaguzi. Nikyo kimwe, DNA (ekicweka 3 nikigamba aha mwoya) neeyetengyesa omu kukora encwanyaguzi, kwonka kandi encwanyaguzi nizeetengyesa omu kukora DNA. Kandi, puroteini ezindi nizibaasa kukorwa akatafaari, kwonka akatafaari nikabaasa kukorwa kurabira omuri puroteini. c
Omunyasaayansi orikucondooza aha tutafaari tukye tw’amagara orikwetwa Radu Popa tarikwikirizana n’ebiri omu Baibuli ebirikugamba aha kuhanga. Kwonka, omu 2004 akabuuza ati: “Ebintu ebiri omu nsi nibibaasa kukora bita amagara itwe ku turaabe turemirwe omu kugyezesa kwonka oku tukozire?”13 Kandi akagira ati: “Akatafaari k’amagara nikakora omu muringo gugumire munonga n’ahabw’ekyo eky’okugira ngu ebi byona bikabaho ahabwa butandu, tikirikubaasika.”14
Ekyombeko kiraingwa eki ku kiraabe nikibaasa kugwa ahabw’okugira ngu tikiine musingi guhami, n’enyegyesa erikugira ngu ebintu bikabaho bubaho shi terikwija kugwa ahabw’okugira ngu terikushoboorora obukomooko bw’amagara?
Nooteekateeka ki? Abantu nibagira ngu ebiine amagara omu nsi bikabaho ahabwabyo hatariho Muhangi. Kwonka, ebi abanyasaayansi barikwongyera kujumbura ebirikukwata aha magara, nibyongyera kuhamya ngu amagara tigarabaireho bubaho. Abanyasaayansi abamwe kubaasa kwetantara okubuzabuzibwa oku, nibateeraho kutaanisa enyegyesa y’ebintu kubaho bubaho n’obukomooko bw’amagara. Kwonka shi eki iwe nookireeba nk’eky’obwengye?
Enyegyesa egi neeyoreka ngu ebintu bikabaho okutomerana kw’ebintu bingi reero amagara gaatandika kubaho. Kandi ngu bwanyima butandu ezindi nyingi zikareetera haabaho ebintu ebiine amagara eby’emiringo etari emwe n’emwe. Kwonka, enyegyesa egi yaaba etaine bukomooko, niki ekirikuba aha nyegyesa ezindi ezirikwegamira aha nyegyesa egi? Nk’oku ekyombeko kiraingwa kirikugwa kyayombekwa kitaine musingi, n’enyegyesa ey’ebintu kubaho birikuruga omu bindi etarikubaasa kushoboorora obukomooko bw’amagara, neija kugwa.
Bwanyima y’okugamba omu bugufu aha nkora y’akatafaari “koorobi,” noogira ngu ebintu bikabaho ahabwa butandu, nari hariho omunyabwengye owaabitebeekaniise? Ku oraabe okirikubangaanisa, yetegyereze gye “enkora nkuru” erikureetera obutafaari bwona kukora gye.
a Tihariho kugyezesa okurikworeka ngu ekintu nk’ekyo nikibaasa kubaho.
b Encwanyaguzi ni zimwe aha kika kya puroteini ekirikukorwa buri katafaari. Buri ncwanyaguzi ekozirwe omu muringo gw’omutaano kubaasa kukora eki eshemeire kukora. Encwanyaguzi nyingi nizikwatanisa hamwe kubaasisa akatafaari kukora emirimo yaako.
