Kadaanan a Cuneiform tan say Biblia
Kadaanan a Cuneiform tan say Biblia
KAYARIN winetwet so lenguahe diad Babel, nanduruman sistema na panagsulat so apalesa. Saray totoon manaayam ed Mesopotamia, a singa saray taga Sumer tan Babilonia et angusar ed cuneiform. Sayan termino et nanlapud salitan Latin parad “uhas-kikil” tan ontutukoy iya ed trianggulon marka na uusaren ed panagsulat ya ombakat ed medyo ambasan langa.
Saray arkeologo et akakotkot na cuneiform a manasalambit na nipaakar ed totoo tan saray ebento a walad Biblia. Antoy amta tayo ed sayan sistema na panagsulat nensaman? Tan anton paneknek ed inkanapanmatalkan na Biblia so iiter na saratan?
Saray Rekord a Nansiansia Anggad Natan
Papanisiaan na saray iskolar a say inmunan inusar a paraan na panagsulat ed Mesopotamia et panamegley na saray simbolo odino drawing a mangirerepresenta na salita odino sakey ya ideya. Alimbawa, say datin simbolo parad baka et singa uloy baka. Insan nen mas kinaukolan lay panangisimpen na saray rekord, apalesa so panagsulat a cuneiform. Oniay impaliwawa na NIV Archaeological Study Bible: “Saray simbolo so makapangirepresenta la natan na aliwa labat lan saray salita noagta pati saray silabika, a pigara ed saratan et nayarin pantekepen pian nirepresenta to ray silabika na salita.” Agnambayag, wala lay manga 200 a nanduruman simbolo a nausar ed cuneiform “pian talagan makapangirepresenta na saray balikas, kaiba lay amin a komplikadon bokabularyo tan gramatika na satan.”
Diad samay panaon nen Abraham, a manga 2,000 B.C.E., sigpot lan apaaligwas so cuneiform. Kalabas na 20 siglo, manga 15 iran lenguahe so angalig ed sayan paraan na panagsulat. Diad saray aromog a cuneiform, masulok a 99 porsiento et nisulat ed langan panagsulatan. Diad inlabas na masulok a 150 taon, amayamay so aromog ya ontan iran cuneiform diad Ur, Uruk, Babilonia, Nimrud, Nippur, Ashur, Ninive, Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, tan Amarna. Oniay inkuan na magasin ya Archaeology Odyssey: “Say kalkulasyon na saray eksperto et walad baetan na manga sakey anggad duaran milyon a cuneiform so akotkot la, nilikud ni ed 25,000 odino onsulok ni a naroromog a tinaon.”
Mairap tan dakdakel so ipapatalos na saray iskolar na cuneiform ed interon mundo. Unong ed sakey a kalkulasyon, “diad saray walan cuneiform et manga 10 porsiento so aminpinsan ni labat ya abasa diad sayan modernon panaon.”
Say impakadiskobre ed pinantekep a duara tan taloran lenguahe diad cuneiform so akatulong pian natalosan iratan. Atebek na saray iskolar a nampaparay karga na saraya balet ta inusaran na nanduruman lenguahe a pinan-iiba ed saksakey a cuneiform. Say akatulong pian natalosan iraya et say impakamorian saray ngaran, titulo, kapolian na saray manuley, tan anggan saray balikas na panangidayew da’d inkasikara et kaslakan a naulit-ulit.
Diad dekaday 1850, nabasa la na saray iskolar so kaslakan a pansasalita na kadaanan a Middle East, Akkadian, odino Asiryo-Babilonia ya akasulat ed cuneiform. Oniay impaliwawa na Encyclopædia Britannica: “Mientras ya atalosan la so Akkadian, say pinagka-utel na sayan sistema na panagsulat so natalosan met la, tan saya et usaren lan pinagkagiya pian nipatalos iray arum a lenguahe a walad cuneiform.” Panon a sarayan sulat et mikonektaan ed Biblia?
Say Ebidensya a Mitunosan ed Biblia
Ibabaga na Biblia a say Jerusalem et inuleyan na saray Canaanitan ari anggad asamsam itan nen David, nen manga 1070 B.C.E. (Jos. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9) Balet panduaruwaan iya na arum ya iskolar. Anggaman ontan, nen 1887, nalmoan na sakey a biin taga alog so sakey a cuneiform diad Amarna, Ehipto. Kayarin nipatalos so manga 380 ya akasulat ditan, akabatan na saray iskolar a saraya manaya et diplomatikon sulsulat ed baetan na saray manuley ed Ehipto (Amenhotep III tan Akhenaton) tan saray manuley ed Canaan. Anemira ed saraya et sulat nen ‘Abdi-Heba, say manuley ed Jerusalem.
Inkuan na Biblical Archaeology Review: “Say malinew ya impanukoy na cuneiform na Amarna ed Jerusalem bilang sakey a baley, ya aliwan estado, tan say posisyon nen ‘Abdi-Heba a . . . gobernador ya awalaan na dili ton ayaman tan 50 sundalon Ehipsio ya akabantay ed Jerusalem, so mangipapatnag a say Jerusalem et sakey a melag a panarian a walad nipukdol a lugar.” Inkuan ni’d saginonor na saya lanlamang a dyurnal: “Matalek kami, base ed saray sulat ed Amarna, a talagan wala iyan syudad a kabkabat legan na satan a panaon.”
Kangaranan a Walad Saray Rekord na Asirya tan Babilonia
Insulat na saray Asiryano, tan diad saginonor et saray taga Babilonia so rekord na awaran da diad saray langa, ontan met diad saray cylinder, prism, tan ed saray monumento. Kanian nen atalosan la na saray iskolar so cuneiform ya Akkadian, aromogan dan akasulat ditan iray kangaranan na totoo a wala met ed Biblia.
Oniay ibabaga na libron The Bible in the British Museum: “Diad diskurso nen Dr Samuel Birch nen 1870 ed kapkapanporman Society of Biblical Archaeology, asarag ton imbiig [ed saray sulat ed cuneiform so kangaranan] na Hebreon arari a di Omri, Ahab, Jehu, Azarias . . . , Menahem, Peka, Oseas, Hezekias tan Manases, saray Asiryanon arari a di Tiglat-Pileser . . . [III], Sargon, Senakerib, Esarhadon tan Ashurbanipal, . . . tan saray Siryanon di Benhadad, Hazael tan Rezin.”
Inkompara na libron The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating so walad Biblian awaran na Israel tan Juda ed saramay walad kadaanan a cuneiform. Antoy resulta? “Diad ami-amin, 15 odino 16 ya arari na Juda tan Israel so nalmoan diad saray rekord na arum a bansa, a sigpot a mitunosan so kangaranan tan panaon da diad [libro na Biblia ya] Arari. Anggapoy anggan sakey a ngaran na ari a naandi, amin ya abitla ed rekord na arum a bansa et walad libro na Biblia ya Arari.”
Sakey ed saray kabkabat ya inskripsion ed cuneiform ya aromog nen 1879, say tatawagen a Cyrus Cylinder, so angirekord a kayarin tinalo so Babilonia nen 539 B.C.E., impaakseb nen Ciro so ley to a papawilen iray akautibon totoo ed dalin da. Kabiangan iray Judio ed saray agunggonaan ed sayan ley. (Esd. 1:1-4) Dakel ed saray iskolar na koma-19 siglo so manduaruwa ed inkanapanmatalkan na sayan ley nen Ciro ya inaon ed Biblia. Ingen, saray cuneiform a dokumento sanen wala ni’d pakayari so Persia, pati say Cyrus Cylinder, et mangiiter na makakombinsin ebidensya a susto so rekord ed Biblia.
Nen 1883, sakey simpenan na masulok a 700 a cuneiform so nalmo ed Nippur, asingger ed Babilonia. Diad samay 2,500 a kangaranan ya abitla ditan, manga 70 so abidbiran a Judio. Inkuan na manag-awaran a si Edwin Yamauchi ya ompatnag a saraya et “totoon mikokontrataan, ahente, testigo, managkolekta na saray buis, tan opisyales na ari.” Say ebidensyan saray Judio et nantultuloy a nanggagawa na ontan iran aktibidad diad asingger ed Babilonia ed samay panaon na inkibulos da et makanakana. Pepekderan na saya imay propesiya ed Biblia ya anggaman saray ‘atilak’ ya Israelita et akapawil ed Judea manlapud inkakautibo ed Asirya tan Babilonia, dakel balet so ag-akapawil.—Isa. 10:21, 22.
Kaleganan na inmunan milenyo B.C.E., saray cuneiform et kabansag lay panagsulat ya inusaran na alpabeto. Balet diad saginonor, saray Asiryano tan taga Babilonia et nilingwanan da la so cuneiform ta mas lablabay da lay alpabeton panagsulat.
Nilasus nilibo ed sarayan cuneiform ya akasinop ed saray museo et agni naaral. Saramay atalosan la na saray eksperto so mangiiter na makakombinsin paneknek ed inkanapanmatalkan na Biblia. Agtayo amta no anto nin kaaruman iran paneknek so wala ed saramay agda ni naaral.
[Picture Credit Line ed pahina 21]
Nilitrato diad impangiyabuloy na British Museum