Barakunze Ijambo ry’Imana

UBUTUMWA buhambaye usanga kenshi buhindurwa mu ndimi zitandukanye kugira ngo abantu biyemeze neza ko bushobora gutahurwa n’abantu benshi bashoboka. Bibiliya, ino ikaba ari Ijambo ry’Imana, irimwo ubutumwa buhambaye. Naho ibintu dusanga muri Bibiliya vyanditswe kera cane, “vyanditswe kugira bitwigishe” kandi biraturonsa uruhoza be n’icizigiro ku bijanye na kazoza.​—Abaroma 15:4.

Birumvikana rero ko Bibiliya, iyisanzwe irimwo ubutumwa buhambaye kuruta ubundi bwose bwigeze kwandikwa, yobwirijwe kuboneka mu ndimi nyinshi. Kuva kera hose, abantu baritaye ku rutare kugira ngo bahindure Bibiliya naho vyashitse bakarwara bimwe bikomeye, bakarwanywa n’intwaro canke mbere bakageramirwa n’ukwicwa. Uti kubera iki? Kubera yuko bakunze Ijambo ry’Imana. Inkuru zikurikira ni incamake yerekeye kahise gatangaje k’igikorwa co guhindura Bibiliya.

“Abongereza biga neza itegeko rya Kristu igihe riba riri mu congereza”

Igihe uwitwa John Wycliffe yavuka nko mu 1330, mu Bwongereza imirimo ya Ekeleziya ijanye no gusenga yagirwa mu kilatini. Ariko rero abantu babayabaye bakoresha icongereza mu buzima bwabo bwa misi yose. Baganira na bagenzi babo mu congereza, eka mbere bagasenga Imana mu congereza.

Wycliffe, uno akaba yari umupatiri w’umugatolika, yari azi kuvuga neza ikilatini. Ariko, yumva ko bitabereye gukoresha ikilatini mu kwigisha Ivyanditswe, akaba yabona ko urwo rurimi ari urw’abantu bo hejuru. Yanditse ati: “Ubumenyi bwerekeye itegeko ry’Imana bukwiye kwigishwa mu rurimi rworoshe cane gutahura, kubera yuko ibiba biriko birigishwa ari ijambo ry’Imana.” Ku bw’ivyo, Wycliffe n’abari bafadikanije na we barakoranije umugwi w’abantu kugira ngo bahindure Bibiliya mu congereza. Ico gikorwa cafashe imyaka nka 20.

 Ivy’ukuba hari hagiye kuboneka impinduro nshasha ntivyakiriwe neza na Ekeleziya gatolika. Igitabu kimwe (The Mysteries of the Vatican) kirasigura igituma Ekeleziya yarwanije ico gikorwa, giti: “Abakirisu basanzwe baciye rero bashobora kugereranya ukuntu ubukirisu bwo mu ntango butari burimwo ibintu bivuruga ubwenge be n’ukuntu Ekeleziya gatolika yo mu gihe cabo yari imeze . . . Ukuba hari ubudasa bukomeye cane hagati y’inyigisho z’Uwatanguje ubukirisu be n’uwihaye kuba icariho ciwe [ni ukuvuga papa], vyaciye vyigaragaza bimwe vy’akamaramaza.”

Papa Geregori wa 11 yaratangaje ku mugaragaro incuro zitanu ko yiyamirije Wycliffe. Yamara uwo muhinduzi ntiyateshejwe ngo ate. Yasubijeyo ati: “Abongereza biga neza itegeko rya Kristu igihe riba riri mu congereza. Musa yumvise itegeko ry’Imana mu rurimi rwiwe bwite, n’intumwa za Kristu ni ukwo nyene vyazigendeye.” Nko mu mwaka 1382, gatoyi imbere yuko Wycliffe apfa, impinduro ya mbere ya Bibiliya yuzuye yo mu congereza yarasohowe n’umugwi w’abari bafadikanije na we. Haheze nk’imyaka cumi, umwe mu bari bafadikanije na Wycliffe yarasohoye impinduro yasubiwemwo kandi yoroshe gusoma.

Kubera yuko imashini zo gucapura zitari bwaboneke, icandikano cose categerezwa kwimurwa n’iminwe bimwe vyitondewe, kino kikaba cari igikorwa cashobora gufata amezi cumi! Ariko rero, ukuba Bibiliya yari igiye gukwiragizwa vyarahagaritse cane umutima Ekeleziya ku buryo umusenyeri umwe yateye ubwoba abantu yuko uwo wese yoyisomye yociye amuca mw’ishengero. Haheze imyaka irenga 40 Wycliffe apfuye, abakuru ba Ekeleziya barazuye ikiziga ciwe, baraturira amagufa yiwe bongera baterera umunyota wayo mu ruzi Swift, ivyo bakaba babigize babitegetswe na papa mu nama yabagirishije. Naho ari ukwo, abantu b’umutima nziraburyarya bashaka kumenya ukuri bararondeye Bibiliya ya Wycliffe. Porofeseri William M. Blackburn yiganye ati: “Amakopi atagira uko angana ya Bibiliya ya Wycliffe yarahinguwe, arakwiragizwa cane yongera arakoreshwa n’abarutse mu nyuma.”

Bibiliya y’abantu babayabaye

Mu myaka 200 yakurikiye, icongereza Wycliffe yakoresheje cari kimaze guta igihe. Umuvugabutumwa akiri muto yaba hafi y’i Bristol yarababazwa n’ukubona abantu bake cane ari bo bashobora gutahura Bibiliya. Igihe kimwe, uwo muvugabutumwa ari we William Tyndale, yarumvise umuntu yize ariko avuga ngo umuntu yopfuma abaho adafise itegeko ry’Imana aho kubaho adafise irya papa. Tyndale yasubijeyo mu kuvuga yuko Imana imukundiye, atotevye gutuma mbere n’umuntu abayabaye aronka ubumenyi bwinshi bwerekeye Bibiliya kuruta umuntu yize.

Wycliffe yari yahinduye Bibiliya yisunze impinduro y’ikilatini yitwa Vulgate kandi yarimuye Ivyanditswe akoresheje iminwe. Mu 1524, Tyndale, uwari yavuye mu Bwongereza akimukira mu Budagi, yaratanguye guhindura akuye mu giheburayo n’ikigiriki vyo mu ntango, maze akoresha imashini yo gucapura yari ahitwa Cologne kugira ngo acapure amakopi. Bidatevye, abansi ba Tyndale baramenye ivy’iyo mpinduro maze bajijura Inama nkenguzamateka y’i Cologne ngo itegeke ko ayo makopi yose yofatwa.

Tyndale yaciye ahungira mu gisagara ca Worms mu Budagi, maze asubira gukora igikorwa ciwe. Budakeye na kabiri, amakopi y’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vyahinduwe na Tyndale mu congereza  yararungitswe mu mpisho mu Bwongereza. Haciye amezi atandatu, amakopi menshi cane yari amaze kugurishwa ku buryo haciye hatumwako inama yihuta y’abasenyeri maze hategekwa ko izo Bibiliya ziturirwa.

Kugira ngo umusenyeri w’i Londres ahagarike ivyo gusoma Bibiliya vyariko birakwiragira hose be n’ivyiswe ngo ni inyigisho z’ivyaduka za Tyndale, yaciye ashinga Umushingantahe Thomas More gutyoza Tyndale mu vyo yandika. More yarababazwa canecane n’ukuntu Tyndale yakoresheje ijambo “ishengero” mu gishingo c’ijambo “ekeleziya,” be n’ijambo “umuhumure” canke “umukurambere” mu gishingo c’ijambo “umupatiri.” Ayo majambo yaravyura inkeka ku bijanye n’ubukuru bwa papa be no ku bijanye n’itandukaniro riri hagati y’abakuru ba Ekeleziya be n’abakirisu basanzwe. Thomas More yariyamiriza kandi ukuntu Tyndale yahinduye ijambo ry’ikigiriki a·gaʹpe ngo “urukundo” aho kurihindura ngo “ugutanga cane.” Igitabu kimwe (If God Spare My Life) kigira giti: “Ico na co nyene cari iciyumviro giteye akaga kuri Ekeleziya, kubera yuko ico kintu casa no gutesha agaciro ugutanga cane cashobora gutuma abantu bataba bagitanga cane imperezwa, indurujensiya be n’ibisigi vyatangwa n’abayoboke bari barajijuwe ko bibacira inzira izobashikana mw’ijuru.”

Thomas More yaratanguje ivyo guturira abiswe ngo ni abahakana ukwemera, ivyo bikaba vyatumye Tyndale anyongwa, umubiri wiwe na wo uturirirwa ku giti muri Gitugutu 1536. Thomas More na we nyene bahavuye bamuca umutwe inyuma y’aho atakarije ubutoni ku mwami. Ariko rero, Ekeleziya gatolika y’i Roma yahavuye imugira umweranda mu 1935, maze mu mwaka wa 2000, Papa Yohani Paulo wa kabiri aratera iteka More ko ari we muvunyi w’abanyapolitike.

Tyndale we nta teka nk’iryo yatewe. Ariko rero, imbere y’uko apfa, umugenzi wiwe Miles Coverdale yarafatanije ibihimba bitandukanye vy’impinduro ya Tyndale iba Bibiliya yuzuye, ikaba ari yo yabaye impinduro ya mbere y’icongereza yakuwe mu ndimi z’intango! Ico gihe hoho umuntu wese abayabaye yari gushobora gusoma Ijambo ry’Imana. Tuvuge iki ku bijanye na Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi uretse icongereza?

“Ikintu casa n’ikidashoboka”

Naho incuti n’abagenzi b’umumisiyonari w’umwongereza yitwa Robert Morrison batari bamushigikiye, kubera ko yari yumiye cane ku cipfuzo yari afise co gusohora Bibiliya yuzuye mu gishinwa, yarafashe urugendo mu bwato yerekeza mu Bushinwa mu 1807. Igikorwa ciwe kijanye n’ubuhinduzi nticari coroshe. Uwitwa Charles Grant, uno ico gihe akaba ari we yari umuyobozi w’ishirahamwe rimwe ryo muri Aziya (Compagnie des Indes oriantales), avuga ati: “Ico gikorwa cari ikintu casa n’ikidashoboka.”

Morrison amaze gushika yaramenye yuko abashinwa bari barabujijwe kwigisha abanyamahanga ururimi rwabo, uwabirengako akaba yacirwa urwo gupfa. Kugira ngo Morrison yikingire yongere akingire abari bemeye kumwigisha urwo rurimi, yaramaze igihe kinaka atava mu nzu. Raporo imwe ivuga yuko “amaze imyaka ibiri yiga, yashobora kuvuga igishinwa c’ikimandarini be n’izindi ndimi zitari nke zikomoka ku gishinwa kandi ko  yashobora gusoma no kwandika” urwo rurimi. Muri ico gihe, umwami w’abami yarasohoye itegeko ryavuga ko ugucapura ibitabu vya gikirisu ari icaha cahanishwa urwo gupfa. Naho hari hariho iyo ntambamyi, ku wa 25 Munyonyo 1819, Morrison yararangije impinduro yiwe ya Bibiliya yuzuye mu gishinwa.

Gushika mu 1836, Bibiliya zuzuye nka 2.000, amakopi 10.000 y’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki be n’ibihimba 31.000 bitandukanye vy’Ivyanditswe vyo mu gishinwa, vyari bimaze gucapurwa. Ugukunda Ijambo ry’Imana vyari vyatumye “ikintu casa n’ikidashoboka” gishoboka.

Bibiliya yashizwe mu musego

Haheze indwi zibiri umumisiyonari w’umunyamerika yitwa Adoniram Judson be n’umukenyezi wiwe Ann bagize ubugeni muri Ruhuhuma 1812, barafashe urugendo rurerure rwohavuye rubashikana muri Birmanie mu 1813. a Baciye ubwo nyene batangura kwiga ururimi rwo muri Birmanie, runo rukaba ari rumwe mu ndimi zigoye kuruta izindi zose zo kw’isi. Bamaze imyaka mikeya biga urwo rurimi, Judson yanditse ati: “Turiko twiga ururimi ruvugwa n’abantu b’iyo catawe kw’isi, baserura ivyiyumviro mu buryo butandukanye n’ubw’iwacu . . . Nta nyizamvugo dufise, kandi nta muntu dufise yodusobanurira n’ijambo na rimwe.”

Ingorane z’ivy’ururimi ntizatumye Judson atana n’akabando. Yararangije guhindura Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki mu rurimi rwo muri Birmanie muri Ruheshi 1823. Mu nyuma, intambara yaradutse muri Birmanie. Kubera yuko Judson yikekwa ko ari umusumyi w’urusaku, yaratawe mw’ibohero, bamubohesha ivyuma bitatu bipfungiye ku cuma kirekire kugira ngo ntaze ariyunguruza. Uwitwa Francis Wayland yanditse mu gitabu ciwe co mu 1853 cavuga ibijanye n’ubuzima bwa Judson, ati: “Kimwe mu bintu Judson yashaka kumenya imbere y’ibindi we n’umukenyezi wiwe bakimara kwemererwa kubonana no kuganira mu congereza, vyari ibijanye na ya mpinduro y’Isezerano rishasha yari yandikishije iminwe.” Kubera yuko Ann yatinya ko ico candikano c’iminwe cari gihamvye musi y’inzu cari guhava cononwa n’ubukanye be n’ururyi, yaciye agishonera mu musego maze awushira umunega wiwe mw’ibohero. Naho ico candikano cari ahantu hameze nabi cane, nta co cabaye.

Haheze amezi menshi Judson ari mw’ibohero, yararekuwe. Ariko rero umunezero yagize ntiwamaze kabiri. Mu mpera z’uwo mwaka nyene, inyonko ikaze yarafashe Ann, kandi haheze amayinga makeyi yaciye apfa. Haciye amezi atandatu gusa, umukobwa wiwe Maria, uwari afise imyaka ibiri itarenga ntirenguke, na we nyene yarahitanywe n’indwara idakira. Naho Judson yari avunitse umutima, yarasubiye gukora igikorwa ciwe. Amaherezo yararangije Bibiliya yose ukwo ingana mu 1835.

Woba ukunda Ijambo ry’Imana?

Ugukunda Ijambo ry’Imana kwagaragajwe n’abo bahinduzi si ikintu gishasha namba. Muri Isirayeli ya kera, umwanditsi wa Zaburi yaririmbiye Yehova Imana ati: “Ewe kuntu nkunda ivyagezwe vyawe! Ni vyo ndimbūra bukarinda bgīra.” (Zaburi 119:97) Bibiliya si igitabu gusa gitangaje canditswe mu buryo bwiza. Irimwo ubutumwa buhambaye. Woba witaho Ijambo ry’Imana mu kurisoma udahorereza? Urashobora guhera amazinda ko nimba ubigira ukongera ukihatira gushira mu ngiro ivyo wiga, ‘uzohirwa mu kubikora.’​—Yakobo 1:25.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Iciyumviro ku rup. 8]

“Abongereza biga neza itegeko rya Kristu igihe riba riri mu congereza.”​—JOHN WYCLIFFE

[Amafoto ku rup. 9]

William Tyndale be n’urupapuro rwakuwe muri Bibiliya ya Tyndale

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Tyndale: Ifoto yakuwe mu gitabu The Evolution of the English Bible

[Amafoto ku rup. 10]

Robert Morrison be n’impinduro yiwe ya Bibiliya yo mu gishinwa

[Abo dukesha amafoto]

Icandikano kizigamwe na Asian Division of the Library of Congress

Robert Morrison, ifoto yacapuwe na W. Holl, yakuwe muri The National Portrait Gallery Volume IV, yasohowe nko mu 1820 (litho), Chinnery, George (1774-1852) (mu nyuma)/Private Collection/Ken Welsh/The Bridgeman Art Library International

[Amafoto ku rup. 11]

Adoniram Judson be n’impinduro yiwe ya Bibiliya yo mu rurimi rw’ikinyabirimaniya

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Judson: Ifoto yashushanijwe na John C. Buttre/Dictionary of American Portraits/Dover

[Abo dukesha amafoto ku rup. 8]

Wycliffe: Ifoto yakuwe mu gitabu The History of Protestantism (Vol. I); Bibiliya: Tuyikesha American Bible Society Library, y’i New York