Abatanganyigisho bo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri boba vy’ukuri barigisha ibihuje n’ivyo intumwa zigisha?

AMAJA mu ntango z’ikinjana ca kabiri G.C., inyigisho z’ikinyoma zari zaratanguye gutosekaza amazi y’umusarara y’ukuri kwa gikirisu. Nk’uko ubuhanuzi bwahumetswe bwari bwarabivuze, inyuma y’urupfu rw’intumwa abakirisu bamwebamwe barahevye ukuri maze bahindukirira “inkuru z’ikinyoma.” (2 Timoteyo 4:3, 4) Nko mu 98 G.C., Yohani, uno akaba ari yo ntumwa yaramvye kurusha izindi, yaragabishije ku bijanye na mwene izo nyigisho zitari zo be no ku bijanye n’abantu ‘bariko bagerageza kuzimiza’ abakirisu b’ukuri.​—1 Yohani 2:26; 4:1, 6.

Budakeye na kabiri, abahavuye bitwa ngo ni abatanganyigisho bo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri (Pères apostoliques) na bo bati twatanzwe. None abo bagabo bari bahagaze he ku bijanye n’uguhenda abantu mu vy’Imana kwariko kuraba? Boba barumviye iyo ngabisho intumwa Yohani yatanze ahumekewe n’Imana?

 Abo bagabo bari bande?

Iyo mvugo ngo “abatanganyigisho bo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri” yarakoreshejwe mu kwerekeza ku bantu banditse ivy’Imana, abo bishoboka ko bari bazinanyi n’umwe mu ntumwa za Yezu canke bakaba bigishijwe n’abo intumwa zari zarigishije. Mu bisanzwe, abo bantu babayeho kuva mu mpera z’ikinjana ca mbere G.C. gushika hagati mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C. a Muri abo harimwo Kelementi w’i Roma, Ignace w’i Antiyokiya, Papias w’i Hiyerapoli be na Polycarpe w’i Simirina. Muri ico kiringo nyene, hariho abantu amazina yabo atavugwa banditse ibitabu nk’icitwa La Didachè, Épître de Barnabé, Martyre de Polycarpe, be n’ikete rya kabiri rya Kelementi.

Muri iki gihe, biragoye kumenya neza na neza urugero inyigisho z’abatanganyigisho bo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri zahurizako n’inyigisho za Yezu. Nta gukeka ko intumbero abo bagabo bari bafise yari iyo kuzigama umuce munaka w’ubukirisu canke kuwushigikira. Bariyamiriza ugusenga ibigirwamana be n’ingeso mbi. Baremera ko Yezu ari Umwana w’Imana kandi ko yazuwe. Ariko, ntibashoboye guhagarika inyigisho z’ubuhuni zariko zirasuriranya nka kurya kw’imipfunda y’ikiyaga. Ahubwo nyabuna, bamwe muri bo bariko bongera ikibi mu kindi.

Izo nyigisho nshasha zoba ata co zari zivuze?

Nta gukeka ko zimwezimwe muri izo nyigisho zo mu ntango abiyita abakirisu bigisha, zari ziteye kubiri n’ivyo Kristu be n’intumwa ziwe bigisha. Nk’akarorero, umwanditsi wa ca gitabu La Didachè yahanuye ko mu gihe co guhimbaza Imfungurwa zo ku mugoroba z’Umukama, izitwa kandi Imfungurwa za nyuma zo ku mugoroba, umuvinyu utemberezwa imbere yuko umukate utemberezwa, ivyo bikaba bitandukanye n’ukuntu Yezu yashinze ko vyogirwa. (Matayo 26:26, 27) Uwo mwanditsi yavuze kandi ko mu gihe ata mazi menshi ahari kugira ngo uwugiye kubatizwa ayibizwemwo, vyoba bihagije asutswe utuzi dukeyi ku mutwe. (Mariko 1:9,10; Ibikorwa 8:36, 38) Ico gitabu nyene categeka abakirisu gukurikiza imigenzo imwimwe nk’ukwisonzesha kabiri mu ndwi be n’ugusubiramwo ku mutwe ca gisabisho ca Dawe wa twese gatatu ku musi.​—Matayo 6:5-13; Luka 18:12.

Ignace na we yabona ko hakwiye kubaho ishengero rya gikirisu ritunganijwe mu bundi buryo, rifise umusenyeri umwe gusa arihagarikiye “mu kibanza c’Imana.” Uwo musenyeri yobaye afise ubukuru ku bapatiri benshi. Ivyo vyiyumviro bishasha vyaraciriye inzira izindi nyigisho zidashingiye ku Vyanditswe.​—Matayo 23:8, 9.

Ukurenza urugero, ukwicwa rumaratiri be n’ugusenga ibigirwamana

Ukurenza urugero kwaratumye bamwebamwe mu batanganyigisho bo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri bagenda akayombekere. Papias yari anyotewe ukuri kandi yarisunga Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki. Muri ico gihe nyene, yemera ko mu kiringo c’Ingoma ya Kristu yari yaravuzwe izomara imyaka igihumbi, intete z’inzabibu zokuze zikagira amashami 10.000, buri shami rikagira udushami 10.000, buri gashami kakagira iminago 10.000, buri munago ukagira imisoko 10.000, buri musoko ukagira inzabibu 10.000, buri ruzabibu rukavamwo amalitiro 1.000 y’umuvinyu.

Polycarpe yari yiteguriye kwicwa rumaratiri aho kwihakana ukwizera kwiwe kwa gikirisu. Bivugwa yuko yigishijwe n’intumwa be n’abandi bigishwa  bari bariboneye Yezu. Yandika ivyo yakura muri Bibiliya, kandi biboneka ko yihatira kubaho yisunga ingingo ngenderwako za gikirisu.

Ariko rero, ukuba bamwebamwe barayobokera Polycarpe hari ukuntu vyasa n’ugusenga ibigirwamana. Ca gitabu Martyre de Polycarpe kivuga ko inyuma y’urupfu rwiwe, abitwa ngo ni abayoboke biwe basavye n’ishaka ryinshi ko boronswa ibisigarira vyiwe. Babona ko amagufa yiwe “afise agaciro karuta utubuyenge twiza igitangaza, kandi ko atyoroye kurusha inzahabu.” Bigaragara rero ko inyigisho z’ikinyoma zariko zisuriranya nka kurya kw’amazi menshi.

Ibisomwa bitari mu rutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya

Bamwebamwe mu batanganyigisho bo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri baremera ko hariho ibisomwa vyahumetswe bitari mu rutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya. Nk’akarorero, bimwe muri ivyo bisomwa umwe muri abo batanganyigisho ari we Kelementi w’i Roma avuga, ni igitabu c’Ubwitonzi be n’ica Yudita. Umwanditsi w’igitabu Épître de Polycarpe arafatira ku gitabu ca Tobi kugira ngo ashigikire iciyumviro c’uko ngo gufasha abagowe bishobora gutuma umuntu arokora ubuzima bwiwe.

Mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C., injili zitari zo zarakwiragije inkuru z’ikinyoma ku bijanye n’ubuzima bwa Yezu, kandi abo batanganyigisho wasanga akenshi bashigikira ivyavugwa muri izo nkuru. Nk’akarorero, Ignace yarasubiyemwo ibivugwa mu citwa ngo ni Injili y’Abaheburayo. Ku bijanye na Kelementi w’i Roma, igitabu kimwe kivuga giti: “Bisa n’uko Kelementi atamenye Kristu biciye ku Njili, ahubwo ko yamumenye biciye ku vyanditswe tudasanga mu rutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya.”

Igwirirana ry’inyigisho z’ikinyoma

Kubera ko abo bagabo bisunze inkuru z’ibitito, ivyiyumviro vy’amayobera be n’ivyiyumviro vya filozofiya kugira ngo basigure ukwizera kwa gikirisu, baraciriye inzira igwirirana ry’inyigisho z’ikinyoma. Nk’akarorero, Kelementi yarikoze ku nkuru y’igitito yigana ivyerekeye inyoni itabayeho kugira ngo yemeze ko hariho izuka. Iyo nyoni, iyivugwa ko ngo yaturiwe maze igasubira kubaho ivuye mu munyota wayo, yari ifitaniye isano n’ugusenga izuba kuvugwa mu bitito vyo mu Misiri.

Uwundi mwanditsi yajoboroye ukuri kwo mu Vyanditswe ni uwanditse ca gitabu citwa Épître de Barnabé. Yasiguye ko rya Tegeko rya Musa ryari umugani wibereye aho. Yavuze yuko ibikoko bitanduye, ni ukuvuga ibikoko vyuza kandi bifise ibinono bisatuye, vyagereranya abantu bazirikana, canke buza Ijambo ry’Imana. Uwo mwanditsi yavuze yuko ibinono bisatuye vyagereranya ko umugororotsi “agendera muri iyi si” magingo akirindiranye igishika kuzoba mw’ijuru. Izo nsiguro ntizishingiye ku Vyanditswe.​—Abalewi 11:1-3.

Intahe yashinzwe n’intumwa Yohani

Mu kinjana ca mbere, intumwa Yohani yagabishije ati: “Bakundwa, ntimwemere ijambo ry’irihumekano ryose, mugabo mugeze amajambo y’amahumekano murabe ko akomoka ku Mana, kuko abahanuzi b’ikinyoma benshi baje mw’isi.” (1 Yohani 4:1) Ese ukuntu ayo majambo yari abereye!

Mu mpera z’ikinjana ca mbere, abiyita abakirisu batari bake bari bamaze guheba inyigisho za Yezu be n’iz’intumwa ziwe. Abatanganyigisho bo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri ntibashoboye na gato kurwanya ubuhuni bwariko busuriranya nk’imipfunda y’ikiyaga, ahubwo riho bongeye ikibi mu kindi. Ukuri bakuvanze n’inyigisho z’ikinyoma. Intumwa Yohani yavuze ku bijanye na mwene abo bantu ati: “Umuntu wese yita imbere ntagume mu nyigisho ya Kristu, ntafise Imana.” (2 Yohani 9) Iyo ngabisho yahumetswe n’Imana yari itomoye ku bantu bose barondera ata gufyina ukuri kwo mu Vyanditswe, kandi n’ubu ni ko biri.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Iciyumviro ku rup. 29]

Hari abatanganyigisho bo mu kinjana ca mbere n’ica kabiri, harimwo na Kelementi, bisunze inkuru z’ibitito, ivyiyumviro vy’amayobera be n’ivyiyumviro vya filozofiya mu vyo banditse

[Ifoto ku rup. 28]

Polycarpe yari yiteguriye gupfa rumaratiri

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

The Granger Collection, New York