Ubutunzi bwo muri Bibiliya busubira kumenyekana

MU BINJANA biheze, ntivyari vyoroshe kuronka ibikoresho vyo kwandikako nk’uko vyoroshe muri iki gihe. Impapuro zikozwe mu nsato be n’ibindi bikoresho barabiharagura canke bakavyoza, bagafuta ivyaba vyanditsweko wasanga bitagikenewe kugira ngo basubire kubikoresha. Mbere n’ibisomwa vyo muri Bibiliya vyaraharagurwa bigafutwa ku mpapuro zaba zikozwe mu nsato z’ibikoko bikiri bito kugira ngo zisubire gukoreshwa mu kwandikwako ayandi makuru.

Igipapuro kimwe gihambaye casubiye kwandikwako ubutumwa bwo muri Bibiliya ni icitwa Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, iryo jambo rescriptus rikaba risobanura ngo “canditsweko.” Iyo codex irafise agaciro kanini cane kubera yuko ari imwe mu makopi ya kera cane gusumba ayandi y’ibihimba vy’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki akiriho. Ku bw’ivyo, ni kimwe mu bimenyamenya bihambaye kuruta ibindi vyose bishigikira ko ico gihimba c’Ijambo ry’Imana kitagiramwo amakosa.

Ico gisomwa gishingiye ku Vyanditswe cari cabonetse ari bwo bwa mbere muri iyo codex yo mu kinjana ca gatanu, carafuswe mu kinjana ca 12 G.C. maze candikwako insiguro 38 z’incabwenge y’Umusiriya yitwa Ephraem zari zahinduwe mu kigiriki. Mu mpera z’ikinjana ca 17, abahinga barabonye ari bwo bwa mbere ca gisomwa co muri Bibiliya cari cafuswe. Mu myaka mikeya yakurikiye, harabaye iterambere mu bijanye no kumenya vya bintu vyari vyanditswe mu ntango kuri ico candikano c’iminwe. Ariko rero, kugerageza kubisoma vyose cari ikintu c’akayoberabahinga kubera yuko rya rangi ryari ryarafuswe ritari rikiboneka neza, impapuro nyinshi zikaba zari zaratabaguritse, kandi ivyo bisomwa bibiri bikaba vyari bipoperanye. Ico candikano c’iminwe baragisizeko imiti kugira ngo bagerageze gushira ahabona no gusoma ico gisomwa co muri Bibiliya, ariko nta kintu kinini vyashitseko. Incabwenge nyinshi zaciye rero zishika ku ciyumviro c’uko ico gisomwa cafuswe kitashobora gusubira kumenyekana cose.

Mu ntango z’imyaka ya 1840, uwitwa Konstantin von Tischendorf, uno akaba yari umuhinga mu vy’indimi abishoboye w’Umudagi, yaritwararitse  ivyo gusuzuma iyo codex. Tischendorf yaramaze imyaka ibiri agerageza kumenya ivyanditswe kuri ico candikano. None ni igiki camushoboje kubishikako mu gihe abandi bari barananiwe?

Tischendorf yaratahura cane indome z’ikigiriki zakoreshwa mu vyandikano vy’iminwe, zikaba zari zigizwe n’indome nkuru nininini kandi zandikwa zitandukanijwe. a Kubera yuko yari afise amaso abona cane, yasanze ashobora kubona ivyari vyanditsweko mu ntango, mu gufata gusa urwo rusato akaruraba arutumbereje ku muco. Mu bijanye n’ibikorwa bisa n’ivyo, muri kino gihe incabwenge zikoresha ibintu bifasha kubona cane, ivyo bikaba birimwo imishwarara bita infrarouges, iyitwa ultraviolets, be n’umuco bita lumière polarisée.

Mu 1843 be no mu 1845, Tischendorf yarasohoye ivyo yari yashoboye gusoma kuri ya Codex Ephraemi. Ivyo vyatumye abonwa ko ari we yari kizigenza mu bijanye no gutohoza ivyandikano vy’iminwe vya kera vy’ikigiriki.

Iyo Codex Ephraemi ifise santimetero 31 kuri 23, kandi ni co candikano c’iminwe ca kera cane gusumba ibindi vyose vyanditswe mu buryo bw’inkingi imwe gusa kuri buri rupapuro. Mu mpapuro 209 n’ubu zikiriho, 145 ziriko ibihimba vy’ibitabu vyose vy’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki ukuyemwo igitabu ca 2 Abanyatesalonika be n’ica 2 Yohani. Impapuro zisigaye na zo ziriko impinduro iri mu kigiriki y’ibihimba bimwebimwe vy’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo.

Muri kino gihe, iyo codex ibitswe mu bubiko bw’ibitabu bw’igihugu c’Ubufaransa buri i Paris. Nta wuzi aho ico candikano c’iminwe cavuye, naho Tischendorf yiyumvira yuko coba cavuye mu Misiri. Incabwenge zibona yuko iyo Codex Ephraemi ari umwe mu migwi ine ihambaye cane y’ivyandikano vy’iminwe vya Bibiliya y’ikigiriki vyakoresha indome za kera, izindi na zo akaba ari Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus be na Codex Vaticanus 1209, zose zikaba ari izo mu kinjana ca kane n’ica gatanu G.C.

Ubutumwa buri mu Vyanditswe Vyeranda bwarazigamwe bimwe biboneka ku bwacu buri mu mero nyinshi, ushizemwo na za mpapuro zasubiye kwandikwako. Naho muri ico gihe hari umuntu adakenguruka yagerageje gufuta igisomwa co muri Bibiliya, ubutumwa buri muri yo bwarazigamwe. Ico kintu gituma turushiriza guhera amazinda yuko aya majambo y’intumwa Petero ari ay’ukuri, na yo akaba agira ati: “Ijambo rya Yehova ryamaho ibihe vyose.”​—1 Petero 1:25.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 16]

Ya Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus ni igipapuro gihambaye casubiye kwandikwako Tischendorf yashoboye kumenya ivyari vyanditsweko mu ntango (1815-1874)

IGISOMWA GISHINGIYE KU VYANDITSWE CO MU NTANGO

IGISOMWA CASUBIYE KWANDIKWAKO KIGIZWE N’INSIGURO ZO MU KIGIRIKI

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

© Bibliothèque nationale de France

[Ifoto ku rup. 17]

Ya Codex Sinaiticus yuburwa mu Kigo c’abihebeye Imana citiriwe Umweranda Catherine

[Ifoto ku rup. 17]

Tischendorf