Codex y’i Vatikano​—Ni kubera iki ari ubutunzi?

I VATIKANO hari ibintu vyinshi cane vy’agaciro. Ibicapo vyaho vyo ku mpome, amashusho yaho aharangatuwe ku bintu be n’amazu yaho birahabwa agaciro kubera ko biteye igomwe. Yamara, bumwe mu butunzi bwaho buhambaye gusumba ubundi bwose bwaramaze imyaka amajana atawurekurirwa kuburatira ijisho. Hariho icandikano c’iminwe c’agaciro kibitswe mu Bubiko bw’ibitabu bw’i Vatikano gituma dutahura neza kuruta ibihimba vy’Ijambo ry’Imana bimaze imyaka ibihumbi vyanditswe. Ico candikano citwa Codex y’i Vatikano. a

Hariho inkuru zishimishije zigana ukuntu Codex yitwa Alexandrinus be n’iyitwa Sinaiticus zubuwe kandi zirazigamwa, zino zikaba ari ibindi vyandikano bibiri vy’iminwe vya Bibiliya vyo mu ntango incabwenge ziha agaciro cane. Ariko rero, nta kintu kinini kizwi ku bijanye n’inkomoko ya Codex y’i Vatikano.

Ubutunzi bwanyegejwe

None Codex y’i Vatikano yakomotse he? Ubwa mbere na mbere, iyo Codex ivugwa mu kinjana ca 15 mu gatabu kavuga ibiri mu rutonde bw’ibitabu biri mu Bubiko bw’ibitabu bw’i Vatikano. Incabwenge zavuze yuko ishobora kuba yandikiwe mu Misiri, i Kayisariya canke mbere i Roma. Ariko rero, inyuma y’aho Porofeseri J. Neville Birdsall wo kuri Kaminuza y’i Birmingham mu Bwongereza asuzumiye ivyo vyiyumviro, yasozereye ati: “Muri make, ntidushobora kumenya neza igenekerezo nyezina Codex Vaticanus yandikiweko be n’inkomoko yayo, canke ngo tumenye kahise kayo k’imbere yo mu kinjana ca 15 naho incabwenge atako zitagize.” Naho ari ukwo, Codex y’i Vatikano yiswe ko ari kimwe mu vyandikano vy’iminwe vya Bibiliya bikwiye bihambaye kuruta ibindi. Uti kubera iki?

Uko ibinjana vyagiye birarengana, abimuzi bamwebamwe barashize amakosa mu gisomwa ca Bibiliya. Urugamba abahinduzi bipfuza guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi bisunze igisomwa kitarimwo amakosa baca bahura na rwo, kwari ukuronka ivyandikano vy’iminwe vyo kwizigirwa biserura ivyiyumviro vyo mu vyanditswe vyo mu ntango. Ku bw’ivyo, iyumvire ukuntu incabwenge zari zishashaye cane kwihweza Codex y’i Vatikano, na yo ikaba ari icandikano c’iminwe c’ikigiriki canditswe mu kinjana ca kane G.C., aho hakaba hari haciye imyaka idashika 300 Bibiliya ihejeje kwandikwa! Iyo codex irimwo igisomwa gikwiye c’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo be n’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki, uretse ibihimba bikeyi vyatakaye haciye igihe.

Abategetsi b’i Vatikano baramaze igihe kitari gito bagonanwa gushira ahabona iyo codex kugira ngo incabwenge mu vya Bibiliya ziyikoreshe. Incabwenge izwi cane mu bijanye n’igisomwa ca Bibiliya, Umushingantahe Frederic Kenyon yavuze iti: “Mu 1843 ni ho [incabwenge yo mu vya Bibiliya yitwa Konstantin von] Tischendorf, inyuma y’aho amariye amezi atari make arindiriye, yemererwa kuyiraba mu kiringo c’amasaha atandatu. . . . Mu 1845 ni ho incabwenge ihambaye yo mu Bwongereza yitwa Tregelles yemererwa vy’ukuri kuyiraba, ariko abwirwa yuko ata jambo na rimwe yokwimura.” Tischendorf yarasavye ko yosubira kuraba iyo codex, ariko yaratswe urwo ruhusha amaze kwimura impapuro 20. Yamara, nk’uko Kenyon yabivuze, “Tischendorf yarasubiriye gusaba yinginga maze aremererwa kumara imisi itandatu ariko ayisuzuma, aba akwije imisi cumi n’ine yose ayisuzuma amasaha atatatatu buri musi; kandi biciye ku gukoresha neza umwanya wiwe . . . mu 1867 yarashobo ye gusohora impinduro y’ico candikano c’iminwe itunganijwe neza cane itari bwaboneka gushika ico gihe.” Mu nyuma Vatikano yaragize ikopi nziza kuruta y’iyo codex yari ihari.

‘Carazigamwe bimwe vyitondewe’

None Codex y’i Vatikano irimwo igisomwa nyabaki? Igitabu kimwe c’inkoranyabumenyi (The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible) kivuga yuko iyo codex “yerekana ko abayimuye batagiye bahindagura ukuntu banditse amajambo be n’uko ata makosa bayishizemwo mu kuyimura, gutyo baba batunganije bavyitondeye igisomwa ciza cane.” Ico gitabu nyene congerako giti: “Birashoboka rero ko umuntu ashika ku ciyumviro c’uko ico gisomwa cabonetse biciye ku mugenzo wo kwimura ibisomwa mu buryo buhanitse.”

Incabwenge zibiri zikomakomeye zakozwe ku mutima n’agaciro k’iyo Codex y’i Vatikano ni B. F. Westcott na F.J.A. Hort. Igisomwa co mu mpinduro yabo y’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki (ari yo New Testament in the Original Greek), ino ikaba yasohowe mu 1881 kandi yahinduwe hisunzwe igisomwa co muri Codex y’i Vatikano be n’ico muri Codex Sinaiticus, kiracari co gisomwa nyamukuru cisunzwe mu guhindura mu zindi ndimi impinduro z’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki zitari nke zo mu bihe vya none, harimwo n’iyitwa The Emphasised Bible yahinduwe na J. B. Rotherham be n’iyitwa Traduction du monde nouveau.

Ariko rero, abantu bakunze kugira ico bavuze ku bintu binaka, biyumviriye ko Westcott na Hort bihenze mu kuba barizigiye iyo Codex y’i Vatikano. None iyo codex yoba ari impinduro itarimwo amakosa y’igisomwa co mu ntango? Incabwenge zarahimbawe cane igihe ivyanditswe ku nkorogoto zataziriwe Bodmer vyasohorwa hagati yo mu 1956 no mu 1961 kubera ko izo nkorogoto zarimwo igihimba c’Injili ya Luka n’ic’Injili ya Yohani vyanditswe mu ntango z’ikinjana ca gatatu G.C. None ivyo bihimba vyoba bishigikira ivyahavuye biboneka muri Codex y’i Vatikano?

Uwitwa Philip B. Payne be na Paul Canart banditse mu mpinduro yabo (Novum Testamentum), bati: “Hariho ibintu bihambaye igisomwa co muri Codex Vaticanus gihurizako n’igisomwa co ku nkorogoto zataziriwe Bodmer kikiriho muri kino gihe. Dufatiye kuri ivyo bintu, ni ivyumvikana gushika ku ciyumviro c’uko uwatanguye kwandika igisomwa co muri Codex Vaticanus yacimuye agikuye mu gisomwa co mu candikano c’iminwe gihuye cane n’ikiri ku nkorogoto zataziriwe Bodmer. Ku bw’ivyo, uwo mwimuzi ategerezwa kuba yimuye igisomwa co mu candikano ca kera cane canke akaba yimuye igisomwa na co cimuwe hisunzwe icandikano c’iminwe ca kera cane rwose.” Porofeseri Birdsall yavuze ati: “Ivyo vyandikano bibiri vy’iminwe birafitaniye isano rya hafi. . . . [Iyo Codex] ni igisomwa cimuwe bimwe vyitondewe: canditswe hisunzwe umugenzo wo kuzigama bimwe vyitondewe ivyo umuntu aba yarahawe.”

Ni kirumara ku bahinduzi

Ego ni ko, icandikano c’iminwe ca kera kuruta ibindi vyose nticama gihuza ijana kw’ijana n’igisomwa co mu ntango. Ariko rero, kugereranya iyo Codex y’i Vatikano n’ibindi vyandikano vy’iminwe vyarafashije cane incabwenge mu bijanye no kumenya neza ivyari mu gisomwa co mu ntango. Nk’akarorero, igice kikiriho muri iki gihe ca ca candikano c’iminwe citwa Codex Sinaiticus, na yo nyene ikaba yanditswe mu kinjana ca kane G.C., ntikirimwo vya bitabu vyigana inkuru za kahise uhereye ku gitabu c’Itanguriro ugashika ku co mu 1 Ngoma. Yamara, kuba ivyo bitabu biboneka muri Codex y’i Vatikano birafasha umuntu kwemeza ko biri mu rutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya.

Nk’uko ca gitabu c’inkoranyabumenyi (The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible) kibivuga, “ivyanditswe bivuga ivyerekeye akaranga ka Kristu be n’Ubutatu butagatifu” ni vyo canecane incabwenge ziharirako cane. None Codex y’i Vatikano yafashije gute gutomora neza ivyo vyanditswe?

Rimbura akarorero kamwe. Nk’uko tubisanga muri Yohani 3:13, Yezu yavuze ati: “Nta muntu yaduze mw’ijuru atari uwamanutse ava mw’ijuru, ni we Mwana w’umuntu.” Abahinduzi bamwebamwe barongeyeko amajambo avuga ngo “uwo na we akaba ari mw’ijuru.” Ayo majambo yongeweko atanga iciyumviro c’uko igihe Yezu yari ng’aha kw’isi, yari no mw’ijuru, ivyo bikaba bishigikira inyigisho y’Ubutatu. Ayo majambo yongeweko araboneka mu vyandikano vy’iminwe biri ku rushi vyanditswe kuva mu kinjana ca gatanu gushika mu kinjana c’icumi G.C. Ariko rero, ukuba ayo majambo ataboneka mu vyandikano vy’iminwe vy’imbere y’ivyo ari vyo Codex y’i Vatikano be na Codex Sinaiticus, vyatumye abahinduzi benshi bo mu bihe vya none  batayashira mu mpinduro bahindura mu zindi ndimi. Ivyo birakuraho ukuzazanirwa kuhari ku bijanye n’akaranga ka Kristu, kandi birahuza n’ibindi bitabu vyo mu Vyanditswe. Aho kuba Yezu yari mu bibanza bibiri mu kiringo kimwe, yari yaje avuye mw’ijuru kandi haciye igihe gito yosubiye mw’ijuru, ‘akaduga’ kwa Se wiwe.​—Yohani 20:17.

Codex y’i Vatikano iradufasha kandi gutahura neza ivyanditswe bivuga ibijanye n’umugambi Imana ifitiye isi. Raba akarorero kamwe. Nk’uko bivugwa muri Bibiliya Yera, intumwa Petero yatanze ubuhanuzi buvuga yuko “isi n’ibikorwa biri muri yo bi[zo]tongoka.” (2 Petero 3:10) Izindi mpinduro za Bibiliya uwo murongo ziwuvuga gutyo nyene, zikaba zawuhinduye hisunzwe igisomwa co muri Codex Alexandrinus yanditswe mu kinjana ca gatanu be n’ivyandikano vy’iminwe vyanditswe inyuma y’aho. Ivyo vyatumye abasomyi benshi ba Bibiliya b’inziraburyarya bashika ku ciyumviro c’uko Imana izorandura iyi si.

Yamara rero, hagisigaye nk’ikinjana kimwe ngo Codex Alexandrinus yandikwe, Codex y’i Vatikano (be na Codex Sinaiticus yanditswe mu kiringo kimwe c’iyo y’i Vatikano), ubwo buhanuzi Petero yatanze bwahinduwe ngo ‘isi n’ibikorwa biri muri yo bizoshirwa ku mugaragaro.’ None ayo majambo yoba ahuza n’ibindi bitabu bigize Bibiliya? Neza cane! Isi butaka “[nti]zonyiganyizwa gushitsa ibihe bidashira.” (Zaburi 104:5) Ariko none ni mu buryo iki isi ‘izoshirwa ku mugaragaro’? Hari ibindi vyanditswe vyerekana ko iryo jambo “isi” rishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo ngereranyo. “Isi” canke ibihugu birashobora guhimbarwa, kubona ibintu no guhinda agashitsi. (1 Ngoma 16:31; Zaburi 97:4) Ku bw’ivyo rero, ijambo “isi” rirashobora kwerekeza ku bantu, canke ku kibano c’abantu. Wumva none bidahumuriza kumenya ko Imana itazorandura uwu mubumbe wacu, ariko ko izoshira ku kabarore kandi igakuraho ububi be n’ababutera?

‘Rizohoraho ibihe bidashira’

Ikibabaje ni uko kuronka Codex y’i Vatikano vyamaze imyaka amajana bibujijwe cane, abasomyi ba Bibiliya na bo bakaba akenshi barahenzwe ntibamenya insobanuro nyayo y’ivyanditswe bimwebimwe vyo muri Bibiliya. Ariko rero, kuva aho Codex y’i Vatikano ishiriwe ku mugaragaro, iyo codex be n’impinduro za Bibiliya zo kwizigirwa zo mu bihe vya none zarafashije abarondera ukuri kumenya ivyo mu vy’ukuri Bibiliya yigisha.

Abimuzi bo mu ntango akenshi wasanga bongera mu vyandikano vyabo vy’iminwe amajambo agira ati: “Iminwe yanditse [ibi] iriko iraborera mu mva, ariko ivyanditswe bizokwamaho imyaka n’iyindi.” Muri iki gihe turakenguruka utwigoro tudatezura abo bimuzi batashimye kwiyandika amazina bagize. Yamara, nta wundi yatumye Bibiliya izigamwa atari Uwo ikomoka, na we akaba kuva kera na rindi yari yarahumekeye umuhanuzi wiwe kwandika ati: “Ivyatsi birūma, amashurwe agakabirana, arikw ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizohorah’ibihe bidashira.”​—Yesaya 40:8.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Uruzitiro ku rup. 20]

Kumenya igihe ivyandikano vy’iminwe vya kera vyandikiweko

Naho abimuzi bamwebamwe berekana igihe barangirijeko igikorwa cabo, ivyandikano nka vyose vy’iminwe vy’ikigiriki ntibirimwo amakuru adomako ajanye n’ico kintu. None incabwenge zimenya gute igihe icandikano kinaka ca Bibiliya candikiweko? Nka kurya nyene ururimi be n’utugenegene tw’urunganwe runaka usanga bitandukanye n’ivy’urunganwe rurukurikira, ni ko bimeze no ku bijanye n’inyandiko. Nk’akarorero, ubwoko bw’indome nkurunkuru zimeze nk’izihetamye (izitwa onciales) be n’imirongo y’igisomwa igenda imeze cokimwe, ni vyo vyakoreshwa mu kwandika mu kinjana ca kane kandi vyarabandanije bikoreshwa mu myaka amajana yakurikiye. Incabwenge zifata ivyandikano vy’iminwe vyanditswe hakoreshejwe mwene izo ndome ariko bitarimwo igihe vyandikiweko zikabigereranya zivyitondeye n’ivyandiko vyanditswe hakoreshejwe izo ndome nyene ariko birimwo igihe vyandikiweko, zirashobora kurushiriza kumenya neza igihe ivyandikano vy’iminwe vyo mu ntango vyandikiweko.

Ariko ntiwumve, ubwo buryo buri n’aho bugarukira. Porofeseri Bruce Metzger wo kw’Iseminari y’ivya tewolojiya y’i Princeton yavuze ati: “Kubera ko umuntu ashobora kumara ubuzima bwiwe bwose adahinduye uburyo bwiwe bwo kwandika, ntivyoba vyumvikana hagize uwugerageza gushinga igenekerezo icandikano kinaka candikiweko afatiye ku kiringo kiri munsi y’imyaka mirongo itanu.” Hisunzwe uwo mwihwezo wagizwe bimwe vyitondewe, incabwenge ziremeranya muri rusangi ko Codex y’i Vatikano yanditswe mu kinjana ca kane G.C.