Uko icyarabu cyaje kuba ururimi rw’intiti

FUNGURA

Uko icyarabu cyaje kuba ururimi rw’intiti

URURIMI rw’icyarabu rwamaze imyaka ibarirwa mu magana ruvugwa cyane n’abantu b’intiti. Guhera mu myaka ya za 700, intiti zivuga ururimi rw’icyarabu zo mu migi itandukanye yo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, zahinduye inyandiko nyinshi za siyansi n’iza filozofiya zo mu bihe bya Ptolémée na Aristote, kandi zirazikosora. Ibyo byatumye izo ntiti zavugaga icyarabu zibika neza inyandiko z’abahanga ba kera kandi zirazinonosora.

Bahuza ibitekerezo

Mu kinyejana cya karindwi n’icya munani, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati havutse ubwami bubiri bukomeye. Habanje ubwami bwa Omeyade, hanyuma busimburwa n’ubw’Abaside. Abaturage b’ubwo bwami babaga muri Arabiya, Aziya Ntoya, Misiri, Palesitina, u Buperesi na Iraki, bari baracengewe n’imitekerereze n’umuco by’Abagiriki n’Abahindi. Ku bw’ibyo, abategetsi b’ubwo bwami bari bafite abaturage bazi byinshi. Ubwami bw’Abaside bwubatse umurwa mukuru mushya i Bagidadi, maze uwo mugi uba uruhurirane rw’ibitekerezo bitandukanye. Muri uwo mugi, Abarabu bivanze n’Ababeriberi, Abagiriki, Abahindi, Abakobute Abanyarumeniya, Abanyaturukiya, Abaperesi, Abashinwa, Abayahudi n’Abasogidi, babaga kure cyane hakurya y’uruzi rwa Oxus, ubu ruzwi ku izina rya Amu Dar’ya, muri Aziya yo Hagati. Abo bose barifatanyije biga siyansi kandi bayunguranaho ibitekerezo, maze bahuriza hamwe ibyo bagezeho.

Abategetsi b’ubwami bw’Abaside bari i Bagidadi, bashishikarije intiti zo hirya no hino kuza gufasha ubwo bwami kugira ngo na bwo bugire abantu b’abanyabwenge. Hashyizweho imihati kugira ngo bakusanye kandi bahindure mu cyarabu ibitabo bibarirwa mu bihumbi mirongo bigira icyo bivuga ku ngingo zitandukanye, harimo shimi, imibare y’imihiriko, jewometiri, ubuvuzi, umuzika, filozofiya na fiziki.

Kalifu al-Manṣūr wategetse kuva mu mwaka wa 754 kugeza mu wa 775, yohereje intumwa mu bwami bwa Byzance, kugira ngo zisabe inyandiko z’imibare zanditse mu kigiriki. Kalifu al-Ma’mūn (wategetse kuva mu mwaka wa 813 kugera mu wa 833), na we yashyizeho imihati nk’iye, yibanda ku birebana no guhindura ibitabo by’ikigiriki mu cyarabu, ibyo bikaba byaramaze ibinyejana birenga bibiri. Ku bw’ibyo, mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya cumi, inyandiko z’ikigiriki z’icyo gihe zivuga ibya filozofiya na siyansi hafi ya zose, zari zimaze guhindurwa mu cyarabu. Icyakora intiti z’Abarabu zakoze ibirenze ibi byo guhindura, kuko hari ibitabo na zo ziyandikiye.

Umusanzu Abarabu batanze

Abahinduzi benshi b’Abarabu bahinduye neza kandi vuba cyane, ku buryo bamwe mu bahanga mu by’amateka bemeza ko abo bahinduzi bari basobanukiwe ibyo bahinduraga. Nanone kandi, intiti nyinshi zagiye zifashisha inyandiko zahinduye zigakora ubundi bushakashatsi.

Urugero, Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (808-873), umuganga akaba n’umuhinduzi w’Umukristo wavugaga ururimi rw’igisiriyake, yagize uruhare rukomeye mu gusobanura imikorere y’ijisho. Inyandiko ze zabaga zirimo ibishushanyo by’ijisho, zagiye zifashishwa n’abaganga b’amaso mu bihugu by’Abarabu no mu Burayi. Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya akaba n’umuganga witwa Ibn Sīnā, uzwi mu bihugu by’i Burayi ku izina rya Avicenne (980-1037), yanditse ibitabo byinshi bivuga ibirebana n’umuco, imitekerereze y’abantu, ubuvuzi na filozofiya. Umubumbe munini w’inyandiko ze (Canon de la médecine), yawanditse yifashishije inyandiko zivuga iby’ubuvuzi zariho icyo gihe, hakubiyemo ibitekerezo by’abahanga bazwi cyane b’Abagiriki, ari bo Galien na Aristote. Uwo mubumbe wakomeje kwifashishwa n’abaganga mu gihe cy’imyaka igera kuri 400.

Ubuhanga abashakashatsi b’Abarabu badukanye ni bwo abandi bahereyeho kugira ngo bateze imbere siyansi. Ibyo byatumye abo bashakashatsi bongera gupima umuzenguruko w’isi, kandi bakosora inyandiko z’ubumenyi bw’isi zari zaranditswe na Ptolémée. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Paul Lunde, yavuze ko “bageze n’ubwo bashidikanya ku nyigisho za Aristote.”

Ubuhanga bw’Abarabu bugaragarira mu bintu bitandukanye bagezeho, urugero nko kubaka ibigega, impombo z’amazi n’imashini zitanga umuriro w’amashanyarazi, bimwe bikaba bikiriho no muri iki gihe. Ibitabo bishya by’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi n’iby’ubumenyi bw’ibimera, byafashije abahinzi gutoranya imbuto ziberanye na buri karere, maze bituma umusaruro wiyongera.

Mu mwaka wa 805 Kalifu Hārūn ar-Rashīd yashinze ibitaro bya mbere bikomeye mu bwami bwe, kandi nyuma y’igihe gito imigi yose minini yari imaze kugira ibitaro.

Hashingwa ibigo bishya bitanga inyigisho

Imigi imwe n’imwe yo mu bihugu by’Abarabu yari ifite amazu y’isomero n’ibigo byihariye bitanga inyigisho. Mu mugi wa Bagidadi, Kalifu al-Ma’mūn yahashinze ikigo cy’ubuhinduzi n’ubushakashatsi cyitwa Bait al-Hikma, bisobanura “Inzu y’Ubwenge.” Mu bakozi bacyo harimo n’intiti zikorera ibihembo. Mu mugi wa Kayiro hari inzu y’isomero yari ikomeye, bivugwa ko yarimo imibumbe y’ibitabo irenga miriyoni. Umugi wa Córdoba, wari umurwa mukuru wa Esipanye mu gihe cy’Ubwami bwa Omeyade, wari ufite amazu 70 y’isomero, yakururaga intiti n’abanyeshuri bo hirya no hino mu bihugu by’Abarabu. Uwo mugi wamaze ibinyejana birenga bibiri ari wo uri ku isonga mu gukurura abanyabwenge.

Mu Buperesi, inyigisho z’imibare z’Abagiriki zivanze n’iz’Abahindi. Abahanga mu mibare bo mu Buhindi bari barashyizeho uburyo bwo kwandika imibare bakoresheje zeru, agaciro kayo kagatandukana bitewe n’aho zeru iherereye. Muri ubwo buryo bwo kwandika imibare, buri mubarwa ugira agaciro gatandukanye n’ak’undi bitewe n’aho uri, n’aho zeru iherereye. Urugero, umubarwa rimwe ushobora kugira agaciro ka rimwe, icumi, ijana, n’ibindi. Uwitwa Lunde yaravuze ati “[ubwo buryo] bworoheje imibare, kandi butuma havuka imibare yitwa alijebure.” Nanone intiti z’Abarabu zari zarateye intambwe ikomeye muri jewometiri, tirigonometiri n’ibyo kuyobora amato.

Igihe Abarabu bari bageze ku ntera ishimishije mu birebana na siyansi n’imibare, abahanga b’ahandi bari bameze nk’abasinziriye. Abanyaburayi babayeho hagati y’ikinyejana cya 5 n’icya 15, cyane cyane abihaye Imana, na bo bihatiye kubika neza ibitabo by’intiti za kera mu mazu yabo. Icyakora ibyo bagezeho byari bike cyane ubigereranyije n’ibyagezweho mu bihugu by’Abarabu. Ariko mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya cumi ibintu byatangiye guhinduka, ubwo intiti z’abahinduzi b’Abarabu zagendaga urusorongo zijya mu bihugu byateye imbere. Uko igihe cyagendaga gihita, umubare w’abahanga bajyaga muri ibyo bihugu warushijeho kwiyongera, bituma siyansi itera imbere mu Burayi.

Koko rero, amateka agaragaza ko nta bantu cyangwa igihugu bishobora kwitirirwa ibyagezweho muri iki gihe mu rwego rwa siyansi n’ubundi buhanga. Muri iki gihe, ibihugu byateye imbere muri siyansi, byagombye gushimira abantu bo mu bihugu bya kera bateje imbere ubushakashatsi, bagakemanga ibyo intiti za kera zumvaga ko ari ukuri, kandi bagatera inkunga abantu babaga biteguye kuvumbura.

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 26]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu igazeti ya Nimukanguke!)

◼Ubwami bwa Omeyade

◻Ubwami bw’Abaside

ESIPANYE

Córdoba

BYZANCE

Roma

Constantinople

Uruzi rwa Oxus

U BUPERESI

Bagidadi

Yerusalemu

Kayiro

ARABIYA

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 27]

Igishushanyo cy’ijisho cya Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq

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Ipaji yo mu gitabo cy’ubuvuzi cya Avicenne

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Intiti z’Abarabu zahuriye mu isomero ryo mu mugi wa Basra mu wa 1237

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 27]

NIMUKANGUKE!