Igihome cya Terezín nticyarinze abantu akaga

UMUGI wa Theresienstadt (cyangwa Terezín) uherereye mu Burayi bwo hagati, hagati y’umugi wa Dresde n’uwa Prague. Muri uwo mugi habagamo igihome gifite inkuta zikomeye. Icyo gihome cyari cyarubakiwe gukumira ingabo z’abanyamahanga zashoboraga gutera igihugu no kurinda abaturage bo mu karere kahakikije.

Joseph wa II, wari umwami w’u Budage akaba n’umwami w’abami w’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma, ni we wasabye ko icyo gihome cyubakwa. Igihe ikibanza cyo kubakwamo icyo gihome cyarambagizwaga n’igihe cyashyirwagaho ibuye ry’ifatizo mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1780, yari ahari. Icyo gihome cyubatswe kugira ngo kibe urwibutso rwa nyina, Umwamikazi Maria Theresa, ari na yo mpamvu cyaje kwitwa Terezín mu rurimi rw’igiceki, bisobanurwa ngo “Umugi wa Theresa.” * Hari abavuga ko abakozi bubakaga icyo gihome bigeze kugera ku 14.000. Kubaka icyo gihome byatwaye imyaka ine.

Igihome cya Terezín kimaze kuzura mu mwaka wa 1784, ni cyo cyabaye igihome cya mbere kinini mu bihugu byategekwaga n’ubwami bw’Abahasiburu. Kugeza icyo gihe, icyo gihome ni cyo cyari cyubakanywe ubuhanga buhambaye kurusha ibindi. Icyakora cyagiye kuzura, amayeri ya gisirikare yarahindutse.

Abasirikare ntibari bakigota ibihome mu gihe babaga bateye igihugu, ahubwo bagotaga imidugudu yo hafi aho bakayisahura. Ku bw’ibyo, mu mwaka wa 1888, Terezín ntiyakomeje kuba igihome cya gisirikare. Ahubatse inkuta nini zigose icyo gihome hahinduwe ubusitani bwiza, bashyiramo utuyira kandi bateramo intebe.

Umugi n’igihome cyawo

Abantu bagiye bemeza ko igihome cya Terezín cyari nk’umugi ugoteshejwe inkuta. Inyuma y’inkuta zacyo nini cyane, hari amacumbi y’abasirikare, ay’imiryango yabo n’ay’abandi basivili.

Iruhande rw’icyo gihome kinini hari hubatswe ikindi gihome gito cyafungirwagamo abasirikare. Mu ntangiriro y’imyaka ya 1800, abanyapolitiki bigomekaga ku bwami bw’Abahasiburu ni ho bafungirwaga. Nyuma y’imyaka igera hafi ku ijana, mu bari bahafungiwe harimo n’urubyiruko rwagize uruhare mu rupfu rw’igikomangoma François Ferdinand i Sarajevo, mu mwaka wa 1914. Icyakora barokotse igihano cyo gupfa kuko bari batarageza ku myaka 20. Nyuma yaho gato, abenshi muri bo baguye muri gereza. Bababajwe urubozo maze bamwe muri bo barasara. Gavrilo Princip wari warishe icyo gikomangoma yaguye muri iyo gereza, igihe Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose yacaga ibintu.

Abantu bavuga ko icyo Gihome Gito cyari gereza mbi cyane kurusha izindi mu bwami  bwiyunze bwa Otirishiya na Hongiriya. Akenshi imfungwa zabaga ziri ahantu hakonje, huzuye uruhumbu kandi ziboheshejwe iminyururu ikomeye. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose, hari ibindi bikorwa by’agahomamunwa byahakorerwaga.

Ibyakorerwaga mu kigo cy’i Terezin

Abanazi bamaze gutera icyitwa ubu Repubulika ya Tchèque no kuyigarurira, batangiye kujyana Abayahudi mu gihome kinini mu mwaka wa 1941. Umugi wa Theresienstadt wagizwe ikigo Abanazi baciragamo Abayahudi. Bavugaga ko kuvangura amoko byari ngombwa kugira ngo birinde amakimbirane hagati y’Abayahudi n’abatari Abayahudi. Nubwo Abanazi babwiraga abantu ko umugi wa Theresienstadt wakorerwagamo siporo, aho Abayahudi binanuriraga kugira ngo bashire amavunane, bacuze umugambi wo kuhatsembera Abayahudi.

Mu gice cy’iburasirazuba bw’u Burayi, Abanazi bari barahashyize ibigo bari kuzajya biciramo Abayahudi babavanye mu mugi wa Theresienstadt n’ahandi. * Nubwo ibyo bigo byari bigenewe kwicirwamo Abayahudi byari bizwi kuva ahagana mu mwaka wa 1935, Abanazi bo basobanuriraga abantu ko byari ibigo ngororamuco, ko nta kindi cyakorerwagamo. Ariko kandi, raporo zavugaga ibikorerwa muri ibyo bigo zagendaga ziyongera. Ibyo byatumye abayobozi b’Abanazi botswa igitutu kugira ngo basobanure niba ibyo baregwaga ari ukuri koko. Ku bw’ibyo, bahise bashakisha uko bazisobanura imbere y’umuryango mpuzamahanga. Bisobanuye bate?

Mu mwaka wa 1944 na 1945, igihe Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose yari irimbanyije, abari bahagarariye Komite Mpuzamahanga y’Umuryango Utabara Imbabare, baratumiwe kugira ngo basure icyo gihome kinini birebere ibihabera. Ariko kugira ngo Abanazi bayobye uburari berekane ko icyo gihome nta kindi cyakorerwagamo uretse kuvura abantu amavunane, bagerageje kuhakora neza.

Nomero z’inyubako zasimbujwe amazina meza y’uduhanda. Bagiye bafata amazu amwe n’amwe, imwe bakayita banki, indi ishuri ry’incuke, andi bakayita amaduka. Banafunguye akabari ahagana hagati muri icyo gihome. Basannye inkuta z’amazu zerekeye ku muhanda, batera ibindi biti muri pariki kandi babamba ihema bacurangiragamo.

Ibyo birangiye, abari bahagarariye Umuryango Utabara Imbabare batemberejwe muri icyo gihome. Bemerewe no kuvugana n’abari bahagarariye icyo Abanazi bitaga ubutegetsi bw’Abayahudi. Ariko kandi, abo bantu mu by’ukuri bari abaturage bari baratoranyijwe mu buryo bwitondewe, ku  buryo bashubije ibibazo nk’uko Abanazi bari barabibigishije mu myitozo babahaga. Intumwa z’Umuryango Utabara Imbabare zasuye icyo gihome incuro ebyiri zije kugenzura ibyakorerwagamo, ariko Abanazi bashoboye kuzijijisha ntizarabukwa. Muri raporo izo ntumwa zatanze, zaribeshye zivuga ko umugi wa Theresienstadt ari umugi usanzwe utuwe n’Abayahudi kandi ko bari bafashwe neza. Igihe intumwa z’uwo muryango zavaga mu mugi wa Theresienstadt, Abayahudi bari bafungiyemo bakomeje kwicwa n’inzara, barababazwa, abandi barahagwa. Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose yarangiye hasigaye ngerere.

Igihome gito

Nanone Abanazi bafashe igihome gito, bagihinduramo gereza. Ubuzima bwo muri iyo gereza bwari bumeze nk’ubwo mu bigo byakoranyirizwagamo imfungwa. Abenshi mu bagabo n’abagore babarirwa mu bihumbi mirongo bari bafungiwe muri icyo gihome gito, ntibahatindaga. Nyuma yaho boherezwaga mu bigo bimwe na bimwe binini byo hirya no hino mu turere u Budage bwategekaga.

Muri icyo gihome gito hari hafungiye nibura Abahamya ba Yehova 20 bari baraturutse mu mugi wa Prague, uwa Pilsen, no mu tundi turere tw’igihugu. Baziraga iki? Baziraga ko banze gushyigikira Abanazi, kandi ntibagire aho babogamira mu bya politiki. Nubwo Abahamya bari barabujijwe kubwiriza, bakomeje kugeza ku bandi ubutumwa bwiza bwo muri Bibiliya. Batotezwaga bazira ukwizera kwabo, ku buryo bamwe muri bo bishwe, abandi bagapfa urw’agashinyaguro.

Isomo twakuramo

Bibiliya igira iti “ntimukiringire abakomeye, cyangwa undi mwana w’umuntu wese wakuwe mu mukungugu, kuko adashobora gutanga agakiza. Umwuka we umuvamo, agasubira mu butaka bwe; uwo munsi ibitekerezo bye birashira” (Zaburi 146:3, 4). Igihome cya Terezín kigaragaza neza ko ayo magambo ari ukuri.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 20]

ABAHAMYA BA YEHOVA BAFUNGIWE MU GIHOME GITO

Abenshi mu Bahamya ba Yehova bafungiwe mu mugi wa Theresienstadt babanzaga guhatirwa ibibazo mu mugi wa Prague, ahari icyicaro gikuru cy’urwego rw’ubutasi rw’Abadage. Iyo bavanwaga mu mugi wa Theresienstadt, boherezwaga mu bigo byakoranyirizwagamo imfungwa byo mu Budage. None se bahanganaga bate n’ubuzima bugoranye bwo muri gereza, no gushyirwa mu kato?

Hari umugore w’Umuhamya wafungiwe i Theresienstadt wavuze ati “kubera ko ntifuzaga kwibagirwa inyigisho za Bibiliya, nahoraga nzisubiramo. Muri buri gereza nagiye nimurirwamo, nashakaga abandi Bahamya. Iyo nababonaga nageragezaga kuganira na bo. Nanone, nihatiraga kubwiriza abandi uko nabaga mbonye uburyo.”

Ibyo byamugiriye akamaro, kuko yakomeje kubera Imana indahemuka mu gihe cyose yamaze afunzwe, ndetse no mu myaka yakurikiyeho.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 18]

Itemburi igaragaza umugi wa Terezín mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 19]

Imfungwa nshya zoherezwaga mu mazu yo kubamo. Icyo cyapa cyanditseho amagambo y’ikidage agira ati “Arbeit Macht Frei” (Imirimo irabohora)

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 19]

Ibitanda byo mu mazu abagore baryamagamo

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 20]

Irembo ry’igihome gito

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 19 yavuye]

Amafoto yombi: With courtesy of the Memorial Terezín