IBINTU byinshi abaganga bo muri iki gihe bakora, bishobora kuba byarakorwaga kera kurusha uko ubitekereza. Koko rero, bumwe mu buhanga bwo kuvura abaganga bo muri iki gihe bakoresha, bwakoreshwaga mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe mu binyejana bishize. Reka dufate urugero rw’abaganga bo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, babayeho hagati y’ikinyejana cya 5 n’icya 15.

Mu mwaka wa 805, CALIPH HARUN AR-RASHID yashinze ibitaro i Bagidadi, umurwa mukuru w’igihugu cye. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 9 kugeza mu cya 13, hari abandi bategetsi bubatse ibitaro mu bihugu byiganjemo idini rya Isilamu, kuva muri Esipanye kugeza mu Buhinde, kandi bakomeza kubyitaho.

Ibyo bitaro byakiraga abakire n’abakene bo mu madini yose. Abaganga b’inzobere bavuraga abarwayi bivurizaga muri ibyo bitaro, bagakora ubushakashatsi kandi bagatoza abaganga bashya. Ibyo bitaro byabaga bifite inzego zitandukanye, urugero nk’ahavurirwa indwara zo mu mubiri, ahavurirwa iz’amaso, iz’amagufwa, aho babagira, aho bavurira indwara zandura n’aho bavurira uburwayi bwo mu mutwe. Abaganga babaga baherekejwe n’abanyeshuri babo, basuzumaga abarwayi buri gitondo, maze bakabandikira imiti kandi bakabategeka ibyo bagomba kurya n’ibyo batagomba kurya. Nanone, muri ibyo bitaro habaga hari za farumasi ziha abarwayi imiti bandikiwe na muganga. Abakozi bashinzwe kwita ku mikorere y’ibitaro, bakoraga raporo bakanazibika, bagacunga umutungo w’ibitaro, bakagenzura uko ibyokurya bitegurwa n’indi mirimo nk’uko bimeze muri iki gihe.

Abahanga mu by’amateka bavuga ko ibyo bitaro “ari bimwe mu bintu bikomeye byagezweho n’abantu bo mu bihugu byiganjemo idini rya Isilamu, babayeho hagati y’ikinyejana cya 5 n’icya 15.” Howard R. Turner, umwanditsi akaba n’umuhanga mu by’amateka, yavuze ko hirya no hino mu bihugu byiganjemo idini rya Isilamu, “imikorere y’ibitaro yakomeje gutezwa imbere no kunonosorwa, ku buryo byagize uruhare mu guteza imbere siyansi yiga iby’ubuzima n’ubuvuzi kugeza no muri iki gihe.”

Uwitwa RHAZES, yavutse mu mwaka wa 850, avukira mu mugi wa kera witwaga Rayy, ubu akaba ari mu nkengero z’umugi wa Teherani yo muri iki gihe. Bavuga ko “yari umuganga ukomeye kuruta abandi baganga b’Abisilamu, ndetse ko yarutaga abandi baganga babayeho hagati y’ikinyejana cya 5 n’icya 15.” Uwo muhanga mu bya siyansi yandikaga uburyo yakoreshaga avura, akandika ibirebana n’indwara zitandukanye, ibikoresho yifashishaga, n’ingaruka byagiraga ku murwayi, kugira ngo abandi baganga bazabyifashishe. Nanone, yagiraga abaganga bose inama yo gukomeza kwihugura, kugira ngo bamenye uburyo buhuje n’igihe bukoreshwa mu buvuzi.

Hari ibintu byinshi Rhazes yagezeho. Urugero, inyandiko ze z’ubuvuzi zashyizwe mu gitabo cy’imibumbe 23 cyiswe Al-Hawi, kikaba kiri mu bitabo by’ingenzi cyane bivuga iby’ubuvuzi. Bavuga ko muri icyo gitabo ari ho hakomotse ubuhanga bwo kwita ku babyeyi batwite, kuvura indwara z’abagore n’ubwo kubaga amaso. Mu bitabo 56 yanditse bivuga iby’ubuvuzi, harimo igisobanura indwara y’ubushita n’iseru, ari na cyo cya kera kandi cyizewe kurusha ibindi. Nanone yavumbuye ko guhinda umuriro biterwa n’uko umubiri w’umuntu uba urimo urwanya indwara.

Ikindi kandi, Rhazes yashinze ibitaro mu mugi wa Rayy n’uwa Bagidadi, aho yitaye ku bantu bari bafite indwara zo mu mutwe. Ibyo byatumye yitirirwa siyansi yita ku mitekerereze n’imyitwarire y’abantu n’iyo kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe. Uretse iby’ubuvuzi, yabonye n’igihe cyo kwandika ibitabo bya shimi, siyansi yiga iby’inyenyeri, imibare, filozofiya na tewolojiya.

AVICENNE, na we ni umuganga uzwi cyane ukomoka mu mugi wa Bukhara, mu gihugu cya Uzubekisitani cyo muri iki gihe. Yari umwe mu bantu bo mu kinyejana cya 11 b’abahanga mu by’ubuvuzi, filozofiya, mu by’inyenyeri no mu mibare. Avicenne yanditse igitabo (Canon de la médecine) kirimo inyigisho nyinshi zirebana n’iby’ubuvuzi.

 Muri icyo gitabo, Avicenne yavuze ko igituntu cyandurira mu mazi no ku butaka, kandi ko imihangayiko ishobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima. Yavuze kandi ko imyakura ari yo ituma umuntu yumva ububabare kandi igatuma imikaya yihina ikanirambura. Nanone icyo gitabo kivuga uko bategura imiti y’ubwoko 760, ni ukuvuga ibigize buri muti, ibyo uvura n’uko ukoreshwa, kandi kigatanga amahame agenderwaho kugira ngo ugerageze umuti mushya. Icyo gitabo cyahinduwe mu kilatini, kandi cyamaze imyaka amagana gikoreshwa mu mashuri y’ubuvuzi yo mu Burayi.

ALBUCASIS na we ni umuganga uzwi cyane mu mateka y’ubuvuzi. Uwo mushakashatsi wo mu kinyejana cya cumi, akomoka mu karere ka Andalousie muri Esipanye y’iki gihe. Yanditse igitabo cy’imibumbe 30, hakubiyemo amapaji 300 arimo amahame arebana no kubaga abarwayi. Muri icyo gitabo, avugamo uko bakoresha indodo mu gihe babaze umuntu, uko bavana amabuye mu ruhago bacengeje igikoresho cyabigenewe mu muvaruhago, uko babaga tiroyide n’uko babaga ishaza ryo mu maso.

Albucasis yakoresheje uburyo bwaje kwitwa “uburyo bugezweho bwo kuvura” abagore babyara bigoranye, n’ubwo kuvura intugu zakutse. Ni we watangije uburyo bwo gukoresha ipamba mu gupfuka ibisebe, no gushyira sima ku bantu bavunitse kugira ngo amagufwa asubirane. Nanone yavuze uko basubiza iryinyo ryakutse mu mwanya waryo, uko bakora amenyo, uko bavura amenyo y’impingikirane n’uko kwa muganga boza amenyo.

Igitabo Albucasis yanditse kirimo amahame yo kubaga, ni cyo cyagaragaje bwa mbere ibikoresho umuganga ubaga yakwifashisha. Kirimo  ibishushanyo bigaragara neza by’ibikoresho bigera kuri 200 byo kubaga, kandi gitanga amabwiriza y’uko bikoreshwa n’igihe byakoreshwa. Ibyo bikoresho byamaze imyaka igera ku gihumbi bikoreshwa, kandi byanonosoweho ibintu bike cyane.

Mu kinyejana cya 11 n’icya 12, intiti zatangiye gukora ubushakashatsi ku nyandiko z’ubuvuzi z’Abarabu zari zarahinduwe mu kilatini, bukaba bwarakorewe cyane cyane mu mugi wa Toledo muri Esipanye no mu migi ya Monte Cassino na Salerno yo mu Butaliyani. Kuva icyo gihe, abaganga bize ibikubiye muri izo nyandiko muri kaminuza zo hirya no hino mu bihugu by’i Burayi byakoreshaga ikilatini. Umwanditsi mu bya siyansi witwa Ehsan Masood, yavuze ko ibyo byatumye ubumenyi mu by’ubuvuzi bw’abahanga bo mu bihugu by’iburasirazuba “bukwirakwira mu Burayi mu binyejana byakurikiyeho, kurusha indi siyansi iyo ari yo yose yo mu bihugu by’Abisilamu.”

Koko rero, dushobora kuvuga ko ibintu byavumbuwe n’abahanga mu by’ubuvuzi babayeho mu kinyejana cya 5 kugeza mu cya 15, urugero nka Rhazes, Avicenne, Albucasis na bagenzi babo b’icyo gihe, ari bwo bwabaye ishingiro rya siyansi yiga iby’ubuvuzi yo muri iki gihe.