“Abavandimwe bo muri Polonye”​—Kuki batotejwe?

Mu mwaka wa 1638 inteko ishinga amategeko yo muri Polonye yigirijeho nkana itsinda rito ryo mu rwego rw’idini ryitwaga Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye. Urusengero rw’iryo tsinda hamwe n’icapiro ryaryo, byarashenywe. Kaminuza y’i Raków yarafunzwe, abarimu bari barahoze bayigishamo bacibwa mu gihugu.

Hashize imyaka makumyabiri nyuma y’aho, iyo nteko ishinga amategeko yateye indi ntambwe mu kubumvisha. Yategetse buri muyoboke wese w’iryo tsinda, rishobora kuba ryari rigizwe n’abantu babarirwa mu 10.000 cyangwa birenga, kuva mu gihugu akagenda. Ni gute iyo mimerere yaje kuzamba bene ako kageni mu gihugu icyo gihe cyitwaga ko ari kimwe mu bihugu byarushaga ibindi kugaragaza umuco wo koroherana mu Burayi bwose? Ni iki abo Bavandimwe bo Muri Polonye bari barakoze cyatumye bafatirwa ibyemezo bikaze bityo?

BYOSE byatangiye igihe havukaga amacakubiri akomeye muri Kiliziya y’abayoboke ba Calvin yo muri Polonye. Ingingo ikomeye yatumye habaho ayo makimbirane, yari inyigisho y’Ubutatu. Abayobozi b’igice cyari gishyigikiye ibitekerezo bishya cyari muri iyo kiliziya, banze iyo nyigisho bavuga ko idashingiye ku Byanditswe. Ibyo byarakaje abayobozi bakuru ba kiliziya, kandi bituma icyo gice gishyigikiye ibitekerezo bishya kijya ukwacyo.

Abayoboke ba Calvin bitaga abitandukanyije na bo abayoboke ba Arius, * ariko abayoboke b’iryo tsinda rishya bo bahisemo kwiyita Abakristo cyangwa Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye. Nanone kandi, bitwaga Abasosino, bitirirwa Laelius Socinus, Umutaliyani wari waracengewe n’inyigisho za Servetus, mwishywa we witwaga Faustus Socinus akaba yaragiye muri Polonye akaza guhinduka umuntu ukomeye muri iryo tsinda.

Muri icyo gihe, umugabo w’igikomerezwa w’Umunyapolonye witwaga Jan Sienieński, yashakishije ukuntu yaha iyo kiliziya nshya icyo yitaga “ahantu hatuje, hiherereye” kugira ngo ibone aho ikurira. Kubera ko Sienieński yari afite igikundiro kidasanzwe yari yarahawe n’umwami wa Polonye, yashinze umujyi wa Raków, nyuma y’aho ukaba waraje kuba ihuriro ry’idini ry’Abasosino bo muri Polonye. Sienieński yahaye abaturage b’i Raków uburenganzira mu bintu byinshi, hakubiyemo n’uburenganzira mu bihereranye no gusenga nta nkomyi.

Abanyabukorikori, abaganga, abacuruzi b’imiti, abantu batuye mu mijyi hamwe n’abantu bo mu rwego rwo hejuru bo mu madini anyuranye bakururwaga n’uwo mujyi mushya. Byongeye kandi, abapasitoro bajyagayo ari benshi baturutse muri Polonye, Lituwaniya, Transylvanie, u Bufaransa ndetse no mu Bwongereza. Icyakora, abo bantu bose bashya bazaga si ko bemeraga imyizerere y’Abasosino; bityo mu myaka itatu yakurikiyeho, kuva mu mwaka wa 1569 kugeza mu mwaka wa 1572, umujyi wa Raków wahindutse iseta y’impaka z’urudaca zo mu rwego rwa tewolojiya. Ibyo byagize izihe ngaruka?

Inzu yiciyemo ibice

Idini ry’Abasosino ubwaryo ryaje gucikamo ibice, ku ruhande rumwe hakaba igice cy’abantu batsimbararaga ku bitekerezo byabo cyane, naho ku rundi ruhande hakaba abari bafite ibitekerezo bishyize mu gaciro. Ariko kandi n’ubwo bari bafite ayo macakubiri, imyizerere bari bahuriyeho yari itandukanye n’iy’abandi. Ntibemeraga Ubutatu; banze kubatiza abana b’impinja; muri rusange ntibatwaraga intwaro kandi akenshi wasangaga batajya mu myanya  y’ubutegetsi. * Nanone kandi, bahakanaga ko habaho umuriro w’iteka w’ahantu ho kubabarizwa. Muri ibyo byose, ntibakozwaga imigenzo ya kidini yari ishyigikiwe n’abantu benshi.

Ari abakuru bo mu bayoboke ba Calvin, ari n’ab’Abagatolika, bose batangiye guteza iryo tsinda ibitotezo bikaze, ariko abapasiteri b’Abasosino bo buririye ku mimerere yo koroherana yo mu rwego rw’idini yari yaratejwe imbere n’abami ba Polonye, urugero nk’uwitwa Sigismund wa II Augustus na Stephen Báthory, kugira ngo bigishe ibitekerezo byabo.

Igikorwa cya Budny cyatumye habaho ihinduka rikomeye

Ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bw’abayoboke ba Calvin bwakoreshwaga mu rugero rwagutse muri icyo gihe, ntibwari buhuje n’ibyo abasomyi benshi bari bakeneye. Bari barahinduye badahereye ku ndimi z’umwimerere, ahubwo bahereye ku buhinduzi bw’Ikilatini bwa Vulgate hamwe n’ubuhinduzi bw’Igifaransa bwo muri icyo gihe. Igitabo kimwe kigira kiti “ubudahemuka n’ukuri byazimiriye mu gushakisha uburyo bwo kwandika buryoshye.” Bwashyizwemo amakosa menshi. Ku bw’ibyo, intiti yari izwi cyane yitwaga Szymon Budny yasabwe gukosora ubwo buhinduzi. We yabonye ko byari kurushaho koroha guhindura bundi bushya rwose aho gukosora ubuhinduzi bushaje. Budny yatangiye uwo mushinga ahagana mu mwaka wa 1567.

Mu gihe Budny yakoraga umurimo wo guhindura, yasuzumaga mu buryo bunonosoye buri jambo n’uburyo bunyuranye rikoreshwamo, ku buryo nta wundi muntu muri Polonye wari warigeze abikora atyo mbere y’aho. Aho umwandiko w’Igiheburayo wabaga ugoye kuwuhindura, yerekanaga ubuhinduzi bwawo ufashwe uko wakabaye mu bisobanuro by’ahagana ku ruhande. Iyo byabaga ari ngombwa, yacuraga amagambo mashya kandi yageragezaga gukoresha Igipolonye cyoroheje, cyakoreshwaga mu mibereho ya buri munsi mu gihe cye. Intego ye yari iyo kugeza ku musomyi ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bwizerwa kandi bw’ukuri.

Ubuhinduzi bwa Budny bwa Bibiliya yose uko yakabaye bwasohotse mu mwaka wa 1572. Ariko kandi, ababusohoye bahinduye ubuhinduzi bwe bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bashyiramo amakosa. Budny ntiyacitse intege, ahubwo yatangiye kuvugurura ubuhinduzi bwe, bukaba bwararangiye hashize imyaka ibiri nyuma y’aho. Ubuhinduzi buhambaye bwa Budny bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bwasumbaga ubundi buhinduzi bwose bwo mu Gipolonye bwabubanjirije. Ikindi kandi, ahantu henshi yagiye asubiza izina ry’Imana, ari ryo Yehova, mu mwanya waryo.

Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 16 no mu myaka igera kuri 30 ya mbere y’ikinyejana cya 17, Raków, umurwa mukuru w’iryo tsinda, wahindutse ihuriro ry’ibikorwa bya kidini n’iby’intiti. Aho ni ho abayobozi n’abanditsi bo mu Bavandimwe bo Muri Polonye basohoreraga inyandiko n’ibitabo byabo.

Bateje imbere uburezi

Umurimo w’Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye wo gusohora ibitabo watangiye gutera imbere ahagana mu mwaka wa 1600 ubwo bashyiraga imashini icapa i Raków. Iyo mashini icapa yashoboraga gucapa inyandiko nto n’ibitabo binini mu ndimi nyinshi. Kubera ko i Raków hakorerwaga imirimo ihereranye no gucapa, nyuma y’igihe gito yari itangiye guhiga amacapiro meza yariho mu Burayi. Batekereza ko ibitabo bigera kuri 200 byacapiwe kuri iyo mashini mu myaka 40 yakurikiyeho. Uruganda rwakoraga impapuro rwo hafi aho rwari urw’umwe mu Bavandimwe bo Muri Polonye, rwagemuraga impapuro zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zo gukoresha mu gucapa muri ibyo bitabo.

Bidatinze, Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye babonye ko ari ngombwa kwigisha bagenzi babo bahuje ukwizera hamwe n’abandi. Kugira ngo babigereho, Kaminuza ya Raków yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1602. Abana b’abahungu b’Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye, kimwe n’ab’Abagatolika hamwe n’ab’Abaporotesitanti bigaga mu mashuri y’iyo kaminuza. N’ubwo iyo kaminuza yari iseminari ya tewolojiya, iyobokamana si ryo somo ryonyine ryigishwaga. Indimi z’amahanga, ikinyabupfura, ibaruramari, amateka, amategeko, amahame agenga ibyo gutekereza, siyansi y’ibidukikije, imibare, ubuvuzi n’igororangingo na byo byabaga biri ku rutonde rw’amasomo atangwa. Iyo kaminuza yari ifite inzu nini ibikwamo ibitabo, ikaba yarakomeje kugenda yaguka bitewe n’imashini icapa yari muri ako karere.

Mu gihe ikinyejana cya 17 cyari kigikomeza, byasaga n’aho Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye bari kuzakomeza gutera imbere. Nyamara si uko byari kugenda.

Kiliziya na leta byitambika imbere

Uwitwa Zbigniew Ogonowski wo mu Ishami Ryigisha Ibihereranye na Siyansi ryo muri Polonye, yagize ati “ahagana mu mpera z’imyaka ya za mirongo itatu mu kinyejana cya 17, imimerere y’abayoboke ba Arius bo muri Polonye yatangiye kuzamba mu buryo bwihuse.” Ibyo byatewe n’uko abakuru ba kiliziya Gatolika basizoye. Abo bakuru ba kiliziya bakoresheje uburyo bwose bwashobokaga, hakubiyemo ibirego by’ibinyoma bigamije guharabika hamwe n’inyandiko zisebanya, kugira ngo batume rubanda bishisha Aba vandimwe bo Muri Polonye. Icyo gitero cyarushijeho gukorwa mu buryo bworoshye bitewe n’ihinduka rya politiki ryabaye muri Polonye. Umwami mushya wa Polonye witwaga Sigismund wa III Vasa, yari umwanzi w’Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye. Abamusimbuye, cyane cyane uwitwaga John wa II Casimir Vasa, na bo bashyigikiye imihati ya Kiliziya Gatolika yo kuburizamo ibikorwa by’Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye.

Iyo mimerere yaje kugera ku ndunduro ubwo habagaho icyo bise ko ngo ari igikorwa cyo gusuzuguza umusaraba cyakozwe ku bwende n’abanyeshuri bake b’i Raków. Icyo gikorwa cyabaye impamvu y’urwitwazo yo gusenya umurwa mukuru w’Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye. Umukuru w’umujyi wa Raków yarezwe mu rukiko rw’inteko ishinga amategeko, ashinjwa ko ngo yatumaga ‘ububi bukwirakwira’ binyuriye mu gushyigikira Kaminuza y’i Raków hamwe n’icapiro ryayo. Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye bashinjwe ko bakoraga ibikorwa bigamije guhirika ubutegetsi, ko birundumuriraga mu bikorwa by’ubusinzi, kandi ko bari bafite imibereho y’ubwiyandarike. Inteko ishinga amategeko yemeje ko Kaminuza y’i Raków ifungwa, kandi ko icapiro hamwe n’urusengero rw’Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye bigomba gusenywa. Abayoboke bategetswe kuva muri uwo mujyi. Abarimu bigishaga muri iyo kaminuza bacibwa mu gihugu, uwari kuzabirengaho agahanishwa urupfu. Hari Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye bamwe bimutse bajya ahantu hari umutekano kurushaho, nko muri Silesia no muri Silovakiya.

Mu mwaka wa 1658, inteko ishinga amategeko yaciye iteka ry’uko Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye bagurisha ibintu byabo bakimukira mu bihugu by’amahanga mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu gusa. Nyuma y’aho, icyo gihe ntarengwa cyaragabanyijwe gishyirwa ku myaka ibiri. Umuntu uwo ari we wese wari kuzavuga ko yemera imyizerere yabo nyuma y’icyo gihe yari kuzicwa.

Bamwe mu Basosino bagiye gutura mu Buholandi, aho bakomereje imirimo yabo yo gucapa. Muri Transylvania, itorero ryakomeje gukora kugeza mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 18. Mu materaniro yabo, yayoborwaga incuro zigera kuri eshatu mu cyumweru, baririmbaga za zaburi, bakumva ibibwiriza kandi bagasoma ibitabo bya gatigisimu byabaga byarateguwe kugira ngo bisobanure inyigisho zabo. Kugira ngo itorero ryabo rikomeze kurangwa n’isuku, bagenzi babo bahuje ukwizera barakosorwaga, bakagirwa inama, kandi byaba ngombwa, bagacibwa mu itorero.

Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye bari abigishwa b’Ijambo ry’Imana. Batahuye ukuri kw’agaciro kenshi mu bintu runaka, kandi bajyaga bakugeza ku bandi nta kujijinganya. Nyamara, amaherezo baje gutatana bakwira u Burayi bwose, maze biza kurushaho kubagora cyane gukomeza ubumwe bwabo. Byageze aho Abavandimwe bo Muri Polonye barazimangatana.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Inzu yahoze ari iy’umupasiteri w’Umusosino

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 23]

Ahagana haruguru: Raków muri iki gihe; ahagana iburyo ubona ikigo cy’abihaye Imana cyashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1650 kugira ngo gitsembeho ibisigisigi byose by’ “Idini ry’Abayoboke ba Arius”; ahagana hasi: Muri icyo kibanza abayobozi ba kiliziya Gatolika bahashinze umusaraba kugira ngo babone uko bashoza intambara ku Bavandimwe bo Muri Polonye

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 21 yavuye]

Igifubiko cya Bibiliya yitwa Biblia nieświeska yahinduwe na Szymon Budny, mu mwaka 1572